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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


'      192 
4PR  23 

MAR   36  1931 

333 
APR  1  5  193> 

MAY  9    1957 

w.Vi'  2  7  1963 


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REC 


A.M 


Form  L-9-l*-8,'24 


I  VED 

LOAN  DESK 


51966 

P.M. 

ULUliJl4l§l« 


VIRGINIA 


CONTINUATION  OF 

South-Western 


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W%gj*tff3$&£\;.  r 


VIKG1XIA 


Kicliiiionil 
•iiiexwith  in.11001,,  .W.IKKI....  .-.Norfolk 

'ilL-s  Mini   \ •ill^.-s  nilh  ;.,i'HO  I,.  ll>J>"ti_.M«U»toil 

'iiii-M  »inl  \  ilhip's  «  iih  ). IKHI  to  :,,oiH' XulTiill. 


TARR  AND  McMURRY  GEOGRAPHIES 


SUPPLEMENTARY    VOLUME 


BY 

JULIAN  A.   C.  CHANDLER,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    ENGLISH    AT    RICHMOND    COLLEGE 
AND 

WILLIAM    L.  FOUSHEE,    PH.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF    LATIN    AT    RICHMOND    COLLEGE 


Ncto  gork 
THE    MACMILLAN    COMPANY 

LONDON:    MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  LTD. 
1905 

All  rights  reserved 
* 


COPYRIGHT,  1902, 
BY   THE   MACMILLAN   COMPANY. 


Set  up  and  electrotyped.      Published  August.  1902.       Reprinted 
April,  1905. 


3  L 


PREFACE 

IN  the  preparation  of  this  Supplement  the  authors  have  attempted 
as  far  as  possible  to  make  the  book  conform  to  the  principles  of  the 
series.  The  geography,  industries,  and  resources  of  Virginia  have 
been  greatly  neglected,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  interest  in  them 
will  be  stimulated  by  this  little  volume.  Thanks  are  due  to  Hon. 
G.  W.  Koiner,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  and  the  State  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  for  pictures  illustrating  the  industries  of  the 
western  part  of  the  state. 

THE   AUTHORS. 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER   I 
PHYSIOGRAPHY 

PAGE 

1.  Introduction       .  ' 1 

2.  The  Tidewater  Section 1 

3.  The  Middle  Country 3 

4.  Piedmont  Virginia 4 

5.  The  Blue  Ridge 4 

6.  The  Great  Valley 5 

7.  Appalachian  Virginia         ...........  0 

8.  Drainage 7 

9.  Climate 8 

CHAPTER    II 
THE  POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  VIRGINIA 

1.  The  Influence  of  the  Physical  Features  on  the  History  of  Virginia   ...  10 

2.  Discovery  and  Geographical  Limits   .........  10 

3.  Main  Events  in  the  State's  History    .........  12 

4.  Educational  Institutions     ...........  17 

5.  Public  Schools .19 

6.  Government        .............  20 

7.  Transportation 21 

CHAPTER   III 
TIDEWATER  VIRGINIA 

I.     Cities  and  Country  about  the  Mouth  of  the  Chesapeake 

1.  Norfolk 23 

2.  Portsmouth 24 

3.  Berkley 24 

4.  Newport  News    .............  24 

5.  Hampton,  Phoebus,  and  Old  Point  Comfort       .......  25 

6.  Oyster  Industry  and  Fishing 26 

7.  Country  about  the  Chesapeake  ..........  27 

II.     Tidewater  Virginia   West  of  the  Chesapeake 

8.  Tidewater  Counties  West  of  the  Chesapeake      .......  28 

9.  Towns  of  the  Counties  West  of  the  Chesapeake 28 

vii 


v 


CHAPTER    IV 
CITIES  AT  TIIK   HKAI>  OK  TIDEWATER 

PAGE 

1.  General  Statement      ............  :!0 

2.  Kiflmiond  and  Manchester         ..........  ;JO 

3.  Petersburg          .............  34 

4.  Fredericksburg  and  Alexandria         .........  35 

CHAPTER   V 

TlIK    MiDDI.K    Coi'NTKY,     PlKDMONT,     AND    TIIK    Bl.TE    RllH.K 

1.    The  Middle  Country  :  General  Description        .......  3(5 

'2.    The  Middle  Country  :  Southside         .........  30 

3.  The  Middle  Country  :  Cities  and  Towns  of  Southside        .....  ,'58 

4.  The  Middle  Country  :  Northern  Counties  and  Towns        .         ....  38 

5.  Piedmont:   its  Products      ...........  40 

(5.    Piedmont  :  Cities  and  Towns     ..........  40 

7.    The  Blue  Kidge  .............  42 

CHAPTER    VI 
TIIK  VAI.I.EY  AND  THE  APPALACHIAN  SECTION 

1.  The  Valley  :  the  Southwest        ..........  43 

2.  The  Valley  :  Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Southwest        ......  46 

3.  The  Valley  :  Middle  and  Northern  Portions      .......  47 

4.  The  Valley  :  Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Middle  and  Northern  Portions        .         .  4i) 
ij.    The  Appalachian  Section  ...........  49 

APPENDIX  A    .         .         .         .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .         .51 

APPENDIX   B    ..............  5(5 

APPENDIX  C    .         .         .         .         .         .          .         .         .         .         .         .          .         .57 

APPENDIX    1)    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .57 

APPENDIX   E    .  ...  58 


VIRGINIA 


VIRGINIA 


NTT  \PTER   I 

PHYSIOGRAPHY 

/37«f* 

1.  Introduction.  — Virginia  is  divided  into  two  great  sections,  the 

eastern  and  western.  The  eastern  part  of  Virginia  consists  of  rolling 
plains,  beginning  at  the  seashore  and  rising  gradually  to  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains.  This  section  contains  a  little  over  two-thirds  of 
the  state.  The  western  part  is  mountainous. 

In  all  countries  it  is  very  important  to  know  the  physiography  of  the 
land,  for  upon  this  depends  the  industrial  resources.  Hence  to  get  a 
knowledge  of  Virginia,  we  shall  study  the  sections  of  the  state,  beginning 
with  the  east.  (Trace  on  the  map  the  dividing  line  between  the  eastern 
and  western  parts  of  the  state.) 

2.  The  Tidewater  Section.  —  This  section  is  so  called  because  in 
it  are  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  all  the  rivers  that  have   tides.     At 
Richmond,  which  is  on  the  extreme  western  edge  of  Tidewater,  the 
tides  rise  three  or  four  feet.     If  we  should  draw  a  north  and  south 
line  on  the  map  beginning  at  Alexandria  and  letting  it  pass  through 
Fredericksburg,    Richmond,    and 

Petersburg  to  the  North  Carolina 
line,  we  should  have  the  Tide- 
water section  almost  entirely  on 
the  east. 

A  look  at  the  map  shows  that 
the  rivers  are  very  broad  and  that 
the  Tidewater  section  is  cut  by 
them  and  by  the  Chesapeake  Bay 
into  many  peninsulas. 


Stratford,  in  Westmoreland  County,  in  the 
"Northern  Xeck'';  birthplace  of  Gen. 
Robert  E.  Lee. 


The  most  eastern  peninsula,  called 
the  "Eastern  Shore,"  extends  south- 
ward between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  great  bay.     It  is  low  and  flat, 
scarcely  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

The  most  northern  peninsula  lies  between  the  Potomac  and  Rappahan- 
nock  rivers  and  is  called  the  "Northern  Xeck."     It  is  long  and  narrow, 

B  1 


VIIWIMA 


from   six  to  twenty  miles  wide  and  seventy-five  miles  long,  and  extends 
southeast.      10 very  portion  of  it  is  in  easy  reach  of  steamship  lines. 

South  of  this  is  another  peninsula  extending  also  southeast  and  lying 
between  the  Kappahannock  and  York  rivers.  It  is  cut  into  several 
smaller  peninsulas  by  the  Pianketank,  Mattaponi,  and  Painunkey  rivers, 
and  other  bodies  of  water. 

Next  there  is  a  long  peninsula  which  extends  southeast  through  the 
whole  length  of  Tidewater.  It  lies  between  the  York  and  James  rivers 
and  is  called  "The  Peninsula,"  because  it  was  in  the  early  days  of  our 
state  the  most  important  peninsula.  Here  it  was  that  the  first  Kng- 

, ~      lish    settlements    in 

•America  were  made. 
Between  the 
James  Kiver,  J:he 
North  Carolina  line, 
and  the  Xansemond 
River,  is  the  south- 
side  portion  of  Tide- 
water. 

And  between  the 
Xansemond  Iliver 
and  the  Atlantic  lies 
the  "  Norfolk  Peninsula,"  which  extends  northward.  In  this  peninsula  is 
the  famous  Lake  Drummond.  The  water  of  the  lake  is  amber  colored  and 
keeps  pure  for  years;  it  is  therefore  used  by  many  United  States  vessels 
leaving  Portsmouth  for  long  voyages.  This  is  practically  the  only  lake  in 
Virginia.  Jt  is  in  the  midst  of  the  great  Dismal  Swamp,  which  is  so  over- 
grown with  large  trees  that  there  is  no  underbrush.  Here,  by  the  falling 
of  leaves  and  branches  century  after  century,  has  accumulated  black  peat 
twenty  or  thirty  feet  deep. 


FIG.  L'. 
•laiiit'S  liivcr  at  ]>rc\vrv's  Bluff  in  Clicstcrlicld  Coimtv 


At  one  time  the  sea  covered  all  the  Tidewater  section;  for  we  find 
shells  of  sea  animals  embedded  in  the  soil  along  railroad  cuts  and 
other  places.  These  shells  and  animal  remains,  when  very  abundant 
and  nearly  decomposed,  are  called  marl,  which,  properly  prepared, 
makes  a  good  fertilizer.  In  many  places  is  found  a  green  sand,  also 
valuable  for  fertilizing.  Shells  of  animals  are  composed  of  limestone, 
and  sometimes  they  have  caused  the  earth  to  become  hardened  into 
stone  suitable  for  building  purposes.  Other  deposits  have  become 
hardened  into  sandstone. 

The  soil  of  this  section  is  alluvial  ;  that  is,  the  rivers  have  washed 
down  the  country  above  and  deposited  the  mud  and  silt.  This  has 
been  going  on  for  ages.  Therefore,  in  the  more  eastern  part  of  Tide- 
water, the  soil,  while  containing  fine  sand  in  great  quantities,  has  no 


PHYSIOGRAPHY 


rocks.  This  soil  is  often  very  fertile,  especially  when  fish  refuse  and 
shells  enrich  it.  As  we  go  west  from  the  ocean  the  river  bottoms 
are  fertile,  but  on  the  ridges  there  is  often  clay  which  is  not  so  pro- 
ductive, but  is  made  so  easily  by  the  use  of  marl,  green  sand,  or  other 
fertilizers.  (On  the  map  find  all  the  peninsulas  and  rivers  of 
Tidewater.) 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  Why  is  a  part  of  Virginia  called  Tidewater? 
(2)  What  line  would  make  the  western  border  of  Tidewater?  (3)  What  are  the 
physical  features  of  the  Eastern  Shore?  (-1)  What  is  the  Northern  Xeck? 
What  is  its  size?  (5)  Where  is  a  third  peninsula?  (6)  AVhat  is  '-The  Penin- 
sula"? (7)  AVliere  is  the  southside  portion  of  Tidewater?  (8)  Where  is  the 
Norfolk  Peninsula?  (9)  What  is  said  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Drummond? 
(10)  What  is  found  in  the  Dismal  Swamp  region?  (11)  What  has  been  left  by 
the  sea  in  Tidewater?  (12)  What  kind  of  soil  has  Tidewater? 

3.  The  Middle  Country.  —  West  of  the  Tidewater,  the  country 
gradually  rises  higher,  and  is  from  seventy  to  two  hundred  feet  above 
the  sea  level.  It  is  a  great  plain  with  low  hills,  or  ridges,  and  val- 
leys. Below  the 
soil,  and  often 
showing  on  the 
surface,  are  hard 
and  very  ancient 
rocks.  Where  the 
rivers  flow  down 
into  Tidewater  in 
falls  these  rocks 
show  themselves, 
and  here  they  end. 


Before  the  days 
of  the  railroads, 
boats  were  the  chief 
of  carrying 


Fid.  3. 
James  River  Falls,  showing  the  uucient  rocks. 

means 

produce  into  the  interior  of  the  country;  and  because  boats  could  not  go 
farther  than  the  head  of  Tidewater,  cities  were  built  up  at  these  points. 
Richmond,  Petersburg,  and  Freclericksburg  are  therefore  not  located  by 
mere  chance. 

Later,  Avlien  far-sighted  men  saw  what  a  great  advantage  it  would  be 
to  reach  the  western  part  of  the  state,  the  James  River  and  Kanawlia 
Canal  was  constructed  along  the  banks  of  the  Jaine,s,  so  that  boats  could 
penetrate  the  interior  of  Virginia  even  beyond  Lynchburg.  This  canal 
is  practically  unused  now,  but  upon  its  banks  the  "  James  River  Division 
of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad"  has  been  built. 


4  VIRGINIA 

The  Middle  Country  is  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  very  narrow  in 
the  northern  part  and  broad  in  the  southern,  stretching  120  miles 
along  the  North  Carolina  line.  Numerous  streams  run  across  this 
region.  They  have  cut  deep  channels,  so  that  this  section  as  a  whole 
is  a  succession  of  ridges  and  valleys  sloping  southeastward.  While 
the  river  bottoms  are  fertile,  as  a  rule  the  soil  is  not  naturally  so  ; 
yet  by  wise  cultivation  this  section  is  now  very  productive. 

REVIEW  QTKSTIOXS.  —  (1)  What  is  the  lie  of  the  land  in  the  Middle  Coun- 
try ?  ('2)  Where  are  ancient  rocks  to  be  seen?  (•{)  Why  were  cities  built  at 
the  head  of  Tidewater?  (!)  What  was  constructed  along  the  James  lliver? 
(.">)  What  has  taken  its  place?  ((5)  What  is  the  shape  of  the  Middle  Country? 
(7)  What  is  the  character  of  the  soil? 

4.  Piedmont    Virginia.  —  Piedmont    means    "  the    foot     of    the 
mountains."     This   is   a   region   a   little   higher   than   the    Middle 
Country.     It    is   a   very   long    strip    of   country,    averaging    about 
twenty-five   miles   in   width,  lying    just    east    of   the    Blue    Ridge 
Mountains. 

Throughout  its  whole  length  there  are  near  the  eastern  side 
broken  ranges  of  mountains,  some  of  the  peaks  rising  to  more  than 
one  thousand  feet;  the  valleys  are  much  lower.  On  the  western 
side  the  country  is  broken  by  spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

This  section,  like  the  Middle  Country  and  the  Blue  Ridge  Moun- 
tains, is  composed  of  very  ancient  rocks.  Geologists  tell  us  that 
they  are  part  of  the  first  dry  land  that  appeared  in  North  America 
many  ages  ago.  But  these  rocks  are  not  just  like  the  rocks  of  the 
Middle  Country,  and  when  they  decay  the  soil  that  they  form  is 
very  fertile,  among  the  best  lands  of  Virginia.  Where  there  is  iron 
the  soil  is  red,  and  is  called  "Red  Lands." 

REVIEW  QrEsrioxs.  —  (1)  What  does  Piedmont  mean?  (2)  How  wide  is 
the  Piedmont  section?  Where  is  it  located?  (:$)  How  does  the  land  lie,  and  by 
what  is  it  broken?  (4)  AVhat  is  the  character  of  the  soil?  What  is  found  in  it? 

5.  Blue  Ridge.  — •  The  mountains  of  Virginia  are  part  of  the  great 
Appalachian  system  extending  along  the  eastern  part  of  the  United 
States,  and  running  northeast  and  southwest  in  a  series  of  narrow 
parallel    ranges.     The    Blue    Ridge,    310   miles   long,    is   separated 
farthest  from  the  rest,  and  lies  between  Piedmont  Virginia  and  the 
Great  Valley.      In  the  southwestern  portion  it  spreads  out  into  a 
great  plateau  containing  the  counties  of  Grayson,  Carroll,  and  Floyd. 
It  is  a  series  of  peaks  or  domes  between  which  are  lofty  gaps,  or 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  5 

notches,  through  one  of  which  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad 
passes  1996  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In  the  northern  part, 
the  Potomac  River  has  cut  its  way  242  feet  above  tide  ;  and  farther 
south,  the  James  at  706  feet. 

The  mountains  become  higher  toward  the  south ;  for  in  the  north 
near  Harper's  Ferry  the  ridge  is  1460  feet,  the  Peaks  of  Otter  in 
Bedford  County  are  3993,  and  Balsam  Mountain  in  Grayson  County 
is  5700  feet  high. 

Where  the  soil  can  be  cultivated  it  is  of  wonderful  fertility,  on 
account  of  the  character  of  the  rocks  which  compose  this  region. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  To  what  range  do  the  mountains  of  Virginia 
belong?  (2)  Tell  of  the  extent  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  (3)  What  counties  in  the 
Blue  Ridge  ?  (4)  What  rivers  break  through  the  Blue  Ridge  and  flow  eastward  ? 
(5)  In  what  part  of  Virginia  is  the  Blue  Ridge  highest  ?  (6)  What  are  the  high- 
est peaks  ?  (7)  What  is  the  character  of  the  soil  ? 

6.  The  Great  Valley.  —  West  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  between  it 
and  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  composed  of  many  broken  ranges, 
lies  the  famous  Valley  of  Virginia,  extending  from  the  Potomac 
through  a  portion  of  West  Virginia  southward  some  330  miles  to 
North  Carolina.  It  is  not  the  valley  of  one  river,  but  of  five.  The 
Shenandoah,  in  the  northern  part,  flows  into  the  Potomac  ;  the  James 
and  the  Roanoke,  each  draining  small  sections,  break  through  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  flow  east;  the  Kanawha,  or  New  River,  rising  in 
North  Carolina,  flows  across  the  great  plateau  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
thence  through  the  Valley  and  the  western  mountains  on  toward 
the  Ohio.  The  bed  of  the  New  River  in  the  V alley  is  1780  feet 
above  the  sea ;  the  James  is  lower,  and  the  Shenandoah  still  lower. 
Thus  we  see  that  the  Valley  as  a  whole  rises  higher  and  higher  to 
the  southward.  In  the  extreme  southwest  flows  the  Holston  south- 
ward. This  river's  bed  is  almost  as  high  above  the  sea  level  as  the 
Kanawha.  The  map  shows  that  the  Valley  is  well  watered,  and  it 
has  a  wealth  of  water  power  almost  beyond  estimate. 

In  the  north  of  the  Valley  are  the  Massanutton  Mountains  divid- 
ing the  Valley  lengthwise,  and  throughout  its  length  the  scenery  is 
enhanced  by  other  small  detached  mountains  and  ranges. 

This  section,  unlike  those  we  have  already  studied,  is  of  lime- 
stone. Largely  to  this  fact  is  due  those  wronderful  caves  and  the 
Natural  Bridge,  which  are  among  the  wonders  of  the  world. 

Leaves  and  other  vegetable  and  animal  matter  when  decaying  produce 
a  gas  called  carbon  dioxide,  which  is  taken  up  by  the  water  and  sinks  into 


6  VllidlMA 

the  earth.  This  has  the  power  to  dissolve  limestone  just  as  water  dis- 
solves salt.  When  the  streams  of  water  containing  the  carbon  dioxide  are 
large,  caves  are  hollowed  out,  as  in  the  case  of  Lnray  Cave  in  Page  County 
and  Weyer's  Cave  in  Augusta  County.  This  has  happened  in  all  lime- 
stone countries;  for  example,  the  Mammoth  Cave  in  Kentucky.  When 
the  streams  have  ceased  and  there  are  only  drippings,  the  limestone  is 
slowly  deposited,  forming  the  stalactites  from  the  roof,  and  stalagmites 
where  the  drippings  fall  on  the  Hoor.  The  forming  of  the  stalactites  and 
stalagmites  is  happening  in  the  Luray  Cavern  now,  and  the  variety  and 
beauty  of  the  forms  produced  are  marvellous. 

The  Natural  Bridge  in  Rockbridge  County  was  formed  most  probably 
just  as  the  caves  were;  but  the  roof  fell  in,  leaving  only  the  wonderful 
span  of  rock  two  hundred  feet  high,  bridging  over  the  deep  gorge  below. 
Over  this  bridge  is  a  country  road. 

The  soil  of  the  Valley  is  generally  stiff,  clayey,  limestone  soil, 
very  productive  of  corn  and  wheat  and  hay. 

The  Great  Valley  was  the  second  dry  land  of  Virginia.  That  it 
was  once  under  the  sea  is  shown  by  fossils  of  sea  animals  which  are 
found  embedded  deep  in  the  soil.  Coral,  which  is  made  by  animals 
that  work  in  the  sea,  is  found  there.  Coral  is  limestone,  and  much 
of  the  limestone  of  the  Valley  is  due  to  this  material. 

REVIKW  QCKSTIOXS. —  (1)  Where  does  the  Great  Valley  lie?  (2)  What 
rivers  are  found  in  it?  ('•])  In  what  directions  is  it  drained?  (4)  What  moun- 
tains are  found  dividing  the  northern  valley?  (•">)  What  kind  of  rock  is  in  the 
Valley?  (<>)  I  low  are  caves  formed?  What  great  caves  are  in  this  section? 
(7)  What  are  stalactites  and  stalagmites?  (S)  What  is  said  of  the  Xatural 
Hridge?  (!»)  What  is  the  character  of  the  soil  in  this  section?  (10)  What  is 
said  of  the  coral  formation  in  the  Valley? 

.7.  Appalachian  Virginia.  —  The  extreme  western  portion  of  the 
state  called  Appalachian  Virginia  is  a  long  irregular  strip  of  moun- 
tainous country,  separating  the  Valley  from  West  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky. It  contains  thirteen  counties,  extending  from  Highland  to 
Lee,  a  distance  of  about  250  miles.  This  was  the  third  portion  of 
Virginia  to  be  formed. 

Many  ages  ago  this  section,  by  some  great  disturbance,  was  much 
folded,  so  that  it  is  now  a  great  number  of  broken  mountain  ranges  with 
long  narrow  valleys  between.  "In  places  one  may  cross  from  six  to  ten 
parallel  mountain  ranges  within  a  distance  of  fifty  miles."  The  rains  that 
have  fallen  for  many  centuries  have  slowly  washed  off  the  tops  of  these 
folds  and  left  them  rugged  and  scarred  with  great  gulleys  or  ravines.  In 
this  way  are  exposed,  deep  down  in  the  earth,  deposits  which  had  become 
hardened  into  slate,  sandstone,  and  limestone,  and  ores  of  iron,  gold,  and 
other  minerals. 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  7 

Coal  is  an  important  product  of  this  region.  Coal  was  formed  from 
great  masses  of  vegetable  matter,  leaves  and  branches  and  trunks  of  trees 
that  fell  ages  ago  into  shallow  water  and  kept  piling  up  till  the  mass 
became  very  deep.  This  was  then  covered  over  with  sand  and  dirt  and 
more  deposits,  until  it  was  deep  in  the  earth,  and  now  we  dig  it  out  as  coal. 

The  country  is  very  elevated,  the  head  of  the  valleys  being  two 
thousand  feet  and  more  above  tide.  It  is  drained  in  the  north  by 
streams  of  the  Shenandoah,  farther  south  by  those  of  the  Greenbriar, 
the  James,  and  those  of  the  Tennessee.  The  plain  lying  beyond  the 
Appalachian  Mountains,  comprising  Buchanan  and  Wise  counties, 
is  drained  by  the  streams  of  the  Sandy  River. 

The  soil  in  the  sandstone  ridges  and  slaty  valleys  is  very  poor, 
but  it  is  exceedingly  rich  in  the  portions  where  limestone  or  red 
sandstone  underlies  the  country. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  part  of  Virginia  is  the  Appalachian  V 
(2)  What  is  the  extent  of  the  section  ?  (o)  Why  are  there  so  many  small  moun- 
tain ranges?  (4)  How  many  may  one  cross  in  fifty  miles?  (o)  What  is  the 
effect  of  rains  on  mountain  tops?  (0)  Do  you  know  any  hills  that  have  big  gul- 
leys  and  washed-out  places?  (7)  \Vhat  kind  of  rock  and  minerals  are  found 
here  ?  (8)  Tell  how  coal  was  formed.  (9)  What  is  said  of  the  height  of  this 
country?  (10)  Describe  the  drainage  of  this  region.  (11)  What  is  the  character 
of  the  soil  ? 

8.  Drainage.  —  The  drainage  system  of  Virginia,  so  important  in 
the  matter  of  development,  is  a  very  simple  one.  Nearly  the  whole 
state  is  drained  by  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  They  or  their  tributaries  rise  in  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains,  or  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flow  southeastward  across 
the  state,  thus  showing  its  slope  in  that  direction. 

(Trace  on  the  map  the  James  and  the  Roanoke.  Where  do  they  break 
through  the  Blue  Ridge  ?  Trace  also  the  Rappahaimock  and  the  streams 
that  form  the  York.  Do  they  break  through  the  Blue  Ridge  ?  If  not, 
what  stream  drains  the  northern  part  of  the  Great  Valley  ?) 

In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  valley  below  the  Roanoke  River 
is  the  great  "  divide  "  or  watershed.  On  one  side  of  it  the  water  is 
drained  into  the  Atlantic,  while  on  the  other  it  is  drained  into  the 
Ohio  or  the  Tennessee,  and  thence  through  the  Mississippi  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

(Trace  on  the  map  the  course  of  the  Xew  River  or  Great  Kanawha : 
also  trace  the  Holstou  and  the  Clinch,  and  Sandy  River.) 


8  VIUC1MA 

We  have  already  seen  that  the.  rivers  of  the  Tidewater  are  very  broad, 
and  that  they  have  tides.  These  deep  basins  or  estuaries  are  really  not 
rivers;  for  all  this  country  once  stood  higher  than  it  is  now,  and  there 
were  perhaps  swift  shallow  streams  flowing  down  these  valleys.  There 
was  no  Chesapeake  J>ay,  but  only  a  great  stream  flowing  down  the  basin 
into  the  Atlantic.  When  the  land  sank,  the  ocean  came  in  and  occupied 
the  vullevs  of  the  streams,  forming  these  river  waterways  and  the  magnifi- 
cent harbors  of  the  Chesapeake.  Other  drowned  river  valleys,  formed  in 
the  same  way,  are  Delaware  Kay,  the  Hudson  Kiver,  and  New  York 
Harbor.  They  are  found  in  many  lands,  but  the  ''finest  example  in  the 
world  is  that  of  the  Chesapeake  ]>ay.'' 

The  harbor  of  Hampton  lioads,  the  finest  in  the  world,  seems  destined 
by  nature  to  be  the  site  for  great  cities.  It  is  accessible  not  only  to  the 
sea,  but  also  to  Baltimore,  the  great  city  of  Maryland,  to  Washington, 
and  to  a  number  of  interior  Virginia  cities,  such  as  Richmond  and  Peters- 
burg. It  is  large  enough  to  hold  the  navies  of  the  world;  it  is  landlocked 
and  sheltered  from  the  violent  storms  that  rage  on  the  sea,  and  it  is  the 
natural  gateway  of  the  Middle  Atlantic  coast  to  the  South  and  West. 

RKVIKW  QTESTIONS.  —  (1)  In  what  direction  is  Virginia  drained  as  a  whole? 
(2)  What  are  the  chief  rivers?  (•>)  Where  is  the  great  "  divide  "?  Which  way 
does  the  water  flow  from  this?  (1)  How  were  the  Chesapeake  and  its  estuaries 
formed?  (.">)  Which  are  the  chief  "drowned"  basins  of  the  Atlantic  coast? 
((])  What  is  said  of  Hampton  Roads? 

9.  Climate.  —  Since  Virginia  rises  gradually  from  the  sea  level 
in  the  east  to  lofty  valleys  of  the  mountains  in  the  west,  two  or 
three  thousand  feet,  the  average  annual  temperature  becomes  lower 
(i.e.  cooler)  as  we  go  west,  varying  fully  ten  degrees.  Like  every 
region  of  the  temperate  latitude,  it  is  everywhere  cold  in  winter  and 
hot  in  summer.  The  average  winter  temperature  is  about  thirty- 
eight  degrees,  and  the  average  summer  temperature  about  seventy- 
five  degrees. 

This  region  of  the  United  States  is  subject  to  the  great  westerly 
winds,  and  therefore  the  prevailing  winds  are  from  the  west.  The  winds 
blowing  from  the  south  or  east  bring  moisture  and  warmth  and  oppressive 
humid  air,  which,  conditions  often  produce  thunder-storms.  When  the 
wind  comes  from  the  west  or  north  it  is  usually  dry.  Great  atmospheric 
movements  also  come  up  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  the  tropics,  affect- 
ing only  the  middle  and  western  part  of  the  state.  All  these  storms  have 
a  whirling  motion,  and  cause  the  winds  to  blow  first  in  one  direction  and 
then  in  another ;  hence  there  are  frequent  changes  in  the  weather. 

The  mountains  lying  along  the  western  boundary  and  extending  to 
the  states  north  and  south  act  as  barriers  against  the  "  storms  and  bliz- 
zards of  the  Northwest,"  so  that  they  never  reach  Virginia.  The  tops  of 


PHYSIOGRAPHY  9 

the  mountains  being  cold,  the  moist,  warm  air  from  the  south  is  chilled 
and  formed  into  rain  clouds ;  so  the  mountain  slopes  of  Virginia  have  a 
large  rainfall. 

Virginia  has  an  annual  rainfall  of  about  forty-four  inches,  which  is 
more  than  sufficient  for  agriculture.  This,  with  the  mildness  of  the 
climate,  offers  great  advantages  for  the  raising  of  garden  produce  in  the 
east,  and  of  grain  and  tobacco  in  the  Middle  Country  and  valleys. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  Why  does  the  temperature  in  Virginia  vary? 
(2)  What  is  the  average  winter  and  summer  temperature?  (3)  What  is  the  pre- 
vailing wind?  (4)  What  produces  thunder-storms?  (5)  What  wind  indicates 
dry  weather?  (6)  Why  are  there  frequent  changes  in  the  weather?  (7)  What 
part  do  the  mountains  play  in  the  climate  and  weather?  (8)  What  is  the  annual 
rainfall  in  Virginia  ?  (9)  How  does  this  influence  the  products  ? 


CHAPTER   II 

THE  POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF 

VIRGINIA 

1.  The  Influence  of  the  Physical  Features  on  the  History  of  Vir- 
ginia.—  The  physical  features  of  a  state  often  influence  its  growth 
and  decide   the  occupation   and  industries  of  the  people.      This   is 
markedly   true  with   reference   to  Virginia.      The  various  physical 
features  of  Virginia  have  offered  opportunities  to  the   inhabitants 
for  development  in  many  directions ;    but  in  the  early  days  when 
Virginia   was  under   the   rule   of   England   the   chief  industry   was 
farming. 

This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  early  settlements  were  made  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state  along  the  James,  York,  Elizabeth,  Potomac,  and 
Rappahaimock  rivers,  and  the  many  smaller  streams  which  flow  into  them. 
The  lands  on  these  streams,  called  the  "  low  grounds,"  were,  and  are  still, 
in  many  sections  very  fertile,  and  were  especially  suited  to  the  raising  of 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  rye,  and  hay;  while  the  lands  farther  away  from 
the  rivers,  known  as  the  "high  lands,"  produced  tine  tobacco.  All  the 
streams  in  eastern  Virginia  flow  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  rivers  and  around  the  Chesapeake  the  early  settlements  were  made. 
So  the  Bay  and  its  tributaries  have  greatly  influenced  the  history  of 
Virginia. 

RKVIKW  QrKSTioNS.  —  (1)  I  low  do  the  physical  features  of  a  country  influ- 
ence it?  (J)  What  was  the  chief  industry  in  colonial  days?  (:{)  On  what  river 
were  the  early  settlements  made?  (1)  Name  the  kinds  of  lands  in  Virginia,  and 
tell  of  the  chief  products.  (.">)  Where  do  the  rivers  in  eastern  Virginia  How? 

2.  Discovery  and  Geographical  Limits. —  John  and  Sebastian  (Jabot, 
sailing  tinder  the  flag  of  England  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
viewed  the  coast  of  North  America  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Caro- 
linas,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  they  entered  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 
On  account  of  the  voyages  of  the  Cabots  the  English  claimed  the  newly 
discovered  country,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  contained  within  the 
present   United  States ;    but  the  first  attempt  at  settlement  in  this 
region  was  made  by  the  Spaniards.     We  are  told  that  as  early  as 
1526  a  Spaniard  named  Vasquez  d'  Ayllon  built  a  town  on  the  James 

10 


POLITICAL,    SOCIAL,   AND  INDUSTRIAL   DEVELOPMENT        11 


River,  which  was  soon  after  abandoned.  About  1585  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  one  of  the  favorite  courtiers  of  the  "  Virgin  Queen," 
Elizabeth,  sent  an  expedition  to  explore  the  coasts  of  North  America, 
and  the  name  "  Virginia,"  in  honor  of  the  queen,  was  given  to  all  the 
country. 

"Virginia"  was  three  hundred  years  ago  the  term  applied  to  all  the 
then  practically  unknown  land  which  is  now  the  United  States.  An  old 
writer  speaking  of  Virginia  said :  "  The  bounds  thereof  on  the  east  side 
are  the  ocean  (Atlantic) ;  on  the  south  lieth  Florida ;  on  the  north,  New 
Francia  (Canada) ;  as  for  the  west  thereof,  the  limits  are  unknown."  The 
Pacific,  thought  by  many  to  be  only  a  few  hundred  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
was  looked  upon  as  the  western  boundary.  (Ask  yoiir  teacher  why  the 
people  were  so  ignorant  of  geography.) 

The  first  permanent  English  colony  was  planted  in  Virginia  on 
the  13th  of  May,  1607.  The  place  selected  was  Jamestown  on  James 
River,  which,  roughly  speaking,  is 
half  way  between  Richmond  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  This  colony 
was  sent  out  by  the  London  Com- 
pany which  had  a  charter  from 
King  James. 

According  to  the  charter  the 
limits  of  Virginia  were  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  Elver  along 
the  Atlantic,  north  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Hudson,  and  west  to  the  Pacific. 
During  the  colonial  period  several 
charters  granted  by  the  English  kings 
took  from  Virginia  the  Carolinas  and 
all  the  country  north  of  the  Potomac, 

but  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution  Virginia  still  included  the  present  states 
of  Kentucky  and  West  Virginia.  During  the  Revolution  George  Rogers 
Clark,  a  native  of  Albemarle  County,  with  Virginian  troops,  conquered  from 
the  English  the  country  north  of  the  Ohio  and  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
which  now  contains  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin,  and 
a  part  of  Minnesota.  This  territory,  known  as  the  "Northwest  Territory," 
was  claimed  by  Virginia  (1)  because  it  was  granted  under  an  old  charter 
of  King  James  to  the  London  Company  in  1609;  (2)  because  it  had  been 
purchased  by  Virginia  from  the  Indians  in  1744  for  about  62000;  and 
(3)  because  of  Clark's  expedition.  Some  of  the  New  England  states  also 
claimed  part  of  it,  but  undoubtedly  Virginia's  claim  was  the  more  just ; 
still,  for  the  sake  of  peace,  and  that  a  closer  union  of  the  thirteen  states 


FIG.  4. 

Old  Church  Tower  at  Jamestown  :  all  that 
is  left  of  the  settlement. 


12  V  IRC  IN  I A 

might  bo  formed,  Virginia  gave  to  the  United  States  all  this  territory, 
which  was  in  area  six  times  larger  than  the  present  state.  About  the 
same  time  she,  in  equally  as  great-hearted  a  manner,  gave  consent  for  a 
large  slice  to  be  taken  from  her  side,  and  in  1792  the  county  of  Kentucky 
became  a  state.  In  18(51,  when  Virginia  seceded  from  the  Union  and 
joined  the  Southern  Confederacy,  forty -eight  of  the  counties  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  refused  to  accept  the  action  of  the  state,  and  organ- 
ized a  new  state,  called  West  Virginia.  This  new  state  was  admitted  into 
the  Union  in  ISu'.'x  Thus  your  native  state  has  given  to  the  Union  seven 
states,  and  well  may  she  be  called  "  the  Mother  of  States  and  of  States- 
men." 

RKVIKW  QUKSTIONS.  —  (1)  Who  sailed  along  the  Xorth  American  coast? 
(2)  What  country  was  claimed  by  the  English  V  ('•>)  liy  whom  was  the  first  set- 
tlement made  on  the  .James?  (1)  Tell  of  Raleigh  and  of  the  naming  of  Virginia. 
(.I)  What  were  the  boundaries  of  Virginia  three  hundred  years  ago?  ((i)  When 
and  where  was  the  first  permanent  English  colony  planted?  (7)  How  did  Virginia 
lose  the  Carolinas  and  the  territory  north  of  the  Potomac?  (8)  At  the  close  of 
the  Revolution  what  did  Virginia  own  and  claim?  (!))  How  was  the  title  to  the 
"  Northwest  Territory  "  acquired  ?  (10)  What  states  were  included  in  the  •'  Xorth- 
west  Territory"?  (11)  How  did  Kentucky  become  a  state?  (1_!)  Why  was 
West  Virginia  formed?  when?  (1;5)  How  many  states  have  been  formed  out 
of  Virginia? 

3.  Main  Events  in  the  State's  History.  —  When  the  first  settle- 
ment was  made  at  Jamestown,  there  were  only  one  hundred  and 
three  settlers.  Many  of  these  perished  from  famine  and  fever  or 
were  killed  by  the  Indians,  but  the  boldness  and  bravery  of  John 
Smith,  with  the  assistance  of  an  Indian  maiden,  Pocahontas,  saved 
the  colony.  By  1619  there  were  more  than  two  thousand  people  in 
the  colony.  They  lived  along  the  banks  of  the  James,  York,  and 
Elizabeth  rivers  and  their  tributaries.  The  plantations  were  large, 
often  separated  by  ten  or  fifteen  miles  of  forest.  Jamestown,  the 
capital  of  the  colony,  did  not  have  over  one  hundred  inhabitants,  and 
there  were  no  other  towns. 

In  1619  negro  slavery  was  introduced,  and  the  number  of  slaves 
in  a  short  time  came  to  be  one-third  of  the  population.  These  slaves 
made  the  plantation  system  more  profitable,  as  they  were  well 
adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  which  was  for  a  long  time  used 
as  money,  and  which  was  the  chief  product  raised  and  shipped  to 
England.  The  greater  planters  owned  sail-boats,  which  plied  to  and 
from  England,  carrying  tobacco  and  bringing  in  return  merchandise 
of  all  kinds.  There  were  few  or  no  factories  in  Virginia  at  this 
time,  and  clothes,  furniture,  tableware,  and  books  were  brought  from 
England. 


POLITICAL,    SOCIAL,   AND  INDUSTRIAL   DEVELOPMENT        13 


FIG.  5. 

An  old  colonial  mansion,  Westover,  in  Charles  City  County. 

On  July  29,  1619,  at  the  call  of  Governor  Yeardley,  the  first 
Legislative  Assembly  that  ever  met  on  American  soil  came  together 
at  Jamestown.  This  was  a  great  event  in  the  history  of  Virginia, 
because  the  "  House  of  Burgesses,"  the  name  given  to  the  Assembly, 
stood  during  colonial  days  as  the  protector  of  the  liberties  of  the 
colony  against  the  encroachments  of  the  royal  governors. 

The  tobacco  industry  caused  Virginia  to  grow  rapidly.  In  1710  the 
population  was  about  one  hundred  thousand,  and  by  1760  three  hundred 
thousand,  of  whom  forty  per  cent  were  slaves.  The  four  oldest  towns 
were  Jamestown,  Norfolk,  Williamsburg,  and  Richmond.  Norfolk  had  a 
population  of  six  thousand  in  1774,  and  was  the  largest  town  in  the 
commonwealth,  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution.  Jamestown  was  the  first 
capital,  but  the  capitol  building  was  burned  during  Bacon's  rebellion,  and 
in  1705  Williamsburg  became  the  capital.  The  capitol  was  removed  in 
1779  to  Richmond,  where  it  has  remained  ever  since.  Between  1700  and 
1776  the  population  of  the  colony  pushed  to  the  western  part  of  the  state. 
Governor  Spotswood,  the  first  man  in  Virginia  to  establish  an  iron  furnace, 
explored  the  Shenandoah.  Valley,  and  about  ten  years  later  the  Scotch-Irish 
and  Dutch  began  to  pour  into  the  Northern  Valley,  and  later  into  the 
Southwest,  and  by  the  time  of  the  Revolution  many  had  crossed  the  Alle- 
ghanies  and  settled  in  what  is  now  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio. 


14 


r  in (UNI A 


In  the  Revolutionary  War  Virginia 
took  a  prominent  part,  furnishing  a  large 
number  of  troops,  and  George  Washing- 
ton as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army. 
The  last  battle  was  fought  on  Virginia's 
soil,  and  at  Yorktown,  in  1781,  Lord 
Cornwallis  surrendered  to  General  Wash- 
ington. In  1881  a  centennial  celebration 
was  held  at  Yorktown,  and  a  monument 
was  erected  to  commemorate  the  victory. 

In  the  formation  of  the  Union  she  was 
equally  as  prominent,  giving  such  states- 
men as  Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Monroe,  Mason,  Henry,  Marshall,  and 
Edmund  Randolph. 


FKJ.  <;. 


The  Yorktown  Centennial 
Monument. 


From  1776  to  I860  Virginia  continued  an 
agricultural  state.  The  towns  were  chiefly 
centres  of  local  trade,  and  Richmond,  the 
largest  city,  in  1800  contained  only  thirty 

thousand  inhabitants.     The  wealth  of  the  state  lay  chiefly  in  that  section 

of  the  state  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  consisted  in  great  part 

of    slave    property. 

The  Bine  Ridge  was 

the     dividing     line 

between  the  eastern 

and  western  parts  of 

the    state,  and    the 

sections  were  differ- 
ent in  many  ways. 

With  the  exception 

of  the  Valley  of  Vir- 
ginia, the  counties 

west    of    the    Blue 

Ridge      were      not 

especially     adapted 

to    agriculture,   and 

few     persons     were 

slaveholders.       The 


FIG.  7. 
The  tomb  of  Washington  at  Mount  Vernon. 


western  people  fa- 
vored the  building 
of  good  roads  and 

canals  ("  internal  improvements  ")  at  the  expense  of  the  state,  so  that  an 
outlet  might  be  secured  for  trading  with  Baltimore  and  Richmond.     This 


POLITICAL,   SOCIAL,   AND  INDUSTRIAL   DEVELOPMENT        15 


the  eastern  people  opposed,  because  the  burden  of  taxation  fell  upon  them. 

The  western  people,  besides  paying  few  taxes,  favored  the  abolition  of 

slavery,  and  for  these  reasons  were  for  a  long 

time  refused  an  equal  voice  with  the  eastern 

people  in  the  state  government.     Yet  many 

good  roads  were  constructed.     However,  there 

was  bad  feeling  between  the  sections,  and,  in 

1861,  when  Virginia  seceded  from  the  Union, 

the  counties  west  of  the  Alleghany  refused  to 

accept  the  action  of  the  state  as  binding,  and 

formed  the  state  of  West  Virginia. 

FIG.  s. 

During  the  "  War  between  .the  States  "     House  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall. 
Richmond  was   the    capital    of   the    Con- 
federacy, and  the  "  White  House  "  of  the  Confederacy,  where  Jeffer- 
son Davis  lived,  is  now  the  Confederate   Museum.      Virginia  was 

the  great  battleground  of  the 
opposing  forces.  (Ask  your 
teacher  to  tell  you  of  the  great 
battles  of  Manassas,  Fredericks- 
burg,  and  Chancellorsville,  of 
the  battles  around  Richmond, 
and  of  the  McLean  House  at 
Appomattox,  where  Lee  and 
Grant  agreed  upon  the  terms 
of  surrender.) 

At  the  close  of  the  "  war," 
Virginia  entered  upon  a  new 
era.  With  the  loss  of  slave 

property  new  industrial  conditions  prevailed.  The  people  began  to 
turn  their  attention  to  other  than  agricultural  pursuits.  The  towns 
have  been  growing  rapidly,  and 
factories  of  various  kinds  have  been 
built.  The  great  Southwest  has 
been  developing  its  mining  sec- 
tions, and  iron,  zinc,  and  other  fur- 
naces have  been  put  into  opera- 
tion. Railroads  have  been  built 
through  more  than  three-fourths  of 
the  counties  of  the  state,  and  good 
facility  for  traffic  is  furnished.  FIG.  10. 

New   cities    have    been    built,    such  Appomattox:  the  McLean  House 


FIG.  9. 
The  Confederate  Museum  at  Richmond. 


as  Ruanokc  in  the  southwest  and  Newport  News  on  Hampton  Roads, 
while  several  other  cities  have  doubled  their  population.  Around 
Hampton  Roads  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  persons  now 
reside,  while  at  the  elose  of  the  war  there  were  not  twenty-five 

thousand  people  in 
this  locality.  The 
resources  of  the 
West, and  of  south- 
west Virginia,  are 
shipped  to  the  sea- 
coast,  and  Norfolk 
and  Newport  News 
are  now  fast  be- 
coming commer- 
cial rivals  of  the 
cities  of  the  North. 


FK;.  11. 
Virginia  field-hands. 


The  population 
of  Virginia  in  1000 
was  1,854,184,  of 

whom  6(>0,722  are  of  negro  descent.  This  proportion  (35  per  cent)  has 
existed  for  nearly  150  years.  The  whites  are  chiefly  of  English  origin 
mixed  with  Scotch-Irish,  German,  and  French.  The  negro  as  a  freeman 
has  made  some  progress,  but  as  yet  the  greater  number  of  criminals  is  of 
this  race.  On  the  whole,  the  negroes  are  indispensable  for  field  hands  in 
eastern  Virginia. 
They  are  also  used 
in  all  of  the  manu- 
facturing industries 
for  the  rougher 
work,  where  skilled 
laborers  are  not 
absolutely  required. 
Some  of  the  negroes 
have  acquired  small 
farms,  and  others 
are  fast  acquiring 
them.  In  the  sec- 
tion west  of  the 
Blue  llidge  there 
are  few  negroes  (in 
one  county,  Dicken- 

son,  there  is  not  a  negro),  so  they  are  not  a  factor  in  its  industrial  de- 
velopment.    Negroes  in  Virginia  own  real  estate  valued  at  $12,464,377, 


FIG.  12. 
Negro  cabin  in  eastern  Virginia,  owned  by  the  occupant. 


POLITICAL,   SOCIAL,  AND  INDUSTRIAL  DEVELOPMENT        17 


and  the  whites  own  $312,447,858  worth.     The  personal  property  of  the 
negroes  is  valued  at  $3,822,582,  and  of  the  whites  at  $103,456,819. 

Virginia  is  in  good  financial  condition,  and  the  bonds  issued  to 
pay  its  debts  are  at  face  value.  Everything  indicates  that  with  its 
educational  system,  growing  cities,  large  factories,  and  improved 
agricultural  conditions,  Virginia  is  in  a  more  prosperous  state  than 
ever  before  in  its  history. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  How  many  settlers  in  1607?  How  many  in  1619? 
(2)  What  did  John  Smith  and  Pocahontas  do  ?  (3)  Tell  of  Jamestown.  (4)  Tell 
of  the  introduction  of  slaves.  Why  was  slavery  profitable?  (5)  How  did  the 
great  planters  live?  (6)  What  was  the  House  of  Burgesses?  (7)  Xame  the  old- 
est towns  of  the  state.  (8)  What  places  have  been  the  capitals  of  the  state  ? 
(9)  Tell  of  Governor  Spotswood.  (10)  AVhat  part  did  Virginia  take  in  the  Revo- 
lution? (11)  What  part  in  the  formation  of  the  Union?  (12)  What  was  the 
industrial  condition  from  1776  to  1860?  (13)  What  were  the  differences  between 
the  people  in  eastern  and  western  Virginia?  (14)  What  part  did  Virginia  play 
in  the  "  War  between  the  States"?  (15)  What  have  been  the  industrial  changes 
in  Virginia  since  the  "  war  "  ?  (16)  What  is  the  population  of  Virginia  ?  (17)  What 
is  the  negro  population  of  Virginia?  (18)  Tell  what  part  the  negro  plays  in  the 
industries  of  Virginia.  (19)  What  is  the  value  of  the  property  in  Virginia? 
(20)  Why  does  it  seem  that  Virginia  has  a  bright  future  ? 


4.  Educational  Institutions 
institutions  of 
learning,  some  con- 
trolled by  the  state, 
and  some  by  reli- 
gious denomina- 
tions and  private 
corporations. 


-There  is  in  Virginia  a  number  of 


William  and 
Mary  College,  char- 
tered in  1693,  is  the 
oldest  institution  of 
learning  in  the  state, 
and,  except  Harvard 
University,  the  old- 
est in  the  United 
States.  This  college 

is  located  in  William sburg,  and  is  partly  under  the  control  of  the  state,  as 
it  is  the  "  Male  Normal  School  "  of  Virginia.  At  this  institution  were 
educated  Jefferson,  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  President  Monroe,  President 
Tyler,  and  many  other  leaders. 


FIG.  i:J. 
William  and  Mary  College. 


18  r  i  itn  ix  i  A 

The  best  known  and  most  largely  attended  institution  in  Virginia  is 
tlie  I'niversity,  at  Charlottesville,  which  was  established  in  1S1<>  through 
the  influence  of  Jefferson,  who  planned  it  and  can  he  truly  called  its 
father.  It  is  controlled  by  the  state.  Its  influence  has  been  felt  greatly 
throughout  the  state  and  the  entire  South,  and  many  of  the  leading 
public  men  of  the  South  are  its  alumni.  It  has  a  tine  academic  depart- 
ment, and,  in  addition,  schools  of 
medicine,  law,  and  pharmacy. 

After  the  University,  the  Vir- 
ginia Polytechnic  Institute,  located 
at  Pdacksburg,  has  the  largest  pat- 
ronage. Congress  donated  public 
lands  in  18(>2  for  the  establishment 
of  agricultural  and  mechanical  col- 
leges for  the  several  states  of  the 
IMC.  14.  Union,  andin  1872  Virginia  accepted 

The  rotunda  at  the  Cniversity.  as  planned        her  part,  and  an  agricultural   and 
by  Ji-fferson.  mechanical  college  was  established 

and  opened  at  Blacksburg.     While 

the  chief  stress  of  the  institution  is  placed  upon  agriculture  and  mechanics, 
there  are  good  academic  courses  and  instruction  in  military  tactics. 

The  distinctively  military  school  of  the  state  is  the  Virginia  Military 
Institute  at  Lexington.  It  was  established  under  an  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture in  1S.'!*>,  and  is  known  as  the  "West  Point  of  the  South.''  It  is 
well  equipped  for  scientific  work. 

Among  the  other  state  institutions  are  :  — 

The  State  Female  Normal  School  at  Farmville,  which  educates  white 
women  teachers  for  the  public  schools,  and  the  Virginia  Normal  and 
Collegiate  Institute  at  Petersburg  which  gives  normal  education  to  the 
negro  youth  (male  and  female). 

At  Staunton  is  the  institution  for  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind  ;  and  at 
Richmond  is  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia,  partially  under  the  control 
of  the  State. 

The  Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute,  aided  by  the  state, 
but  mainly  supported  by  contributions  of  Northern  philanthropists,  is 
devoted  to  the  education  of  negroes  and  Indians  of  both  sexes.  Its  chief 
feature  is  industrial  education. 

In  Virginia  is  a  large  number  of  other  colleges  not  controlled  by 
the  State.  Of  special  note  are  Washington  and  Lee  University, 
at  Lexington,  of  which  General  Robert  E.  Lee  was  president  from 
the  close  of  the  "war''  until  his  death;  Randolph-Macon  College, 
at  Ashland ;  Richmond  College,  at  Richmond ;  Hampden-Sidney,  near 
Farmville  ;  Roanoke  College,  at  Salem  ;  and  Emory  and  Henry  College, 
at  Emory.  The  Presbyterians  have  a  theological  seminary  at  Richmond, 
and  the  Episcopalians  one  near  Alexandria.  The  Northern  Baptists  have 
established  a  university  at  Richmond  for  the  education  of  negroes. 


POLITICAL,    SOCIAL,   AND  INDUSTRIAL    DEVELOPMENT        19 

The  University  College  of  Medicine  at  Richmond,  controlled  by  a 
private  corporation,  is  an  important  factor  in  the  medical  education  of 
the  state. 

The  higher  education  of  women  has  attracted  much  notice  in  Virginia 
in  the  last  ten  years  ;  but  none  of  the  state  institutions  for  whites  is 
coeducational,  and  the  state  has  for  girls  only  the  Normal  School  at 
Farmville.  Several  religious  denominations  and  individuals  have  estab- 
lished schools  and  colleges  for  girls.  As  a  rule  they  are  without  endow- 
ment ;  but  the  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College,  at  Lynchburg,  has 
a  considerable  endowment,  and  soon  another  well-endowed  girls'  school, 
the  Sweetbriar  Institute,  in  Amherst  County,  will  be  opened.  Among  the 
many  institutions  for  young  ladies  are  Hollins  Institute,  Hollins  ;  Mary 
Baldwin  Seminary,  Staunton  ;  Woman's  College,  Richmond ;  Southwest 
Virginia  Institute,  Bristol ;  Virginia  College,  Roanoke  ;  Martha  Washing- 
ton College,  Abingdon  ;  Southern  Female  College,  Petersburg ;  Roanoke 
Female  College,  Danville  ;  and  Rawlings  Institute,  Charlottesville. 

A  coeducational  institution  for  manual  and  industrial  training,  which 
is  of  great  service  to  Albemarle  County,  is  "  The  Miller  Manual-Labor 
School." 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  How  are  the  colleges  controlled?  (2)  Tell  of 
the  oldest  college.  (3)  What  institution  furnished  so  many  of  the  great  leaders 
in  the  early  days  of  the  Republic?  (-i)  Tell  of  the  University.  (f>)  What  are 
the  subjects  taught  at  the  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute  ?  (6)  What  institu- 
tions have  the  largest  attendance  ?  (7)  What  is  the  great  military  school  ? 
(8)  What  school  is  located  at  Farmville  ?  What  at  Petersburg  ?  What  at 
Staunton  ?  What  at  Hampton  ?  (9)  Xame  the  chief  colleges  not  controlled 
by  the  State.  (10)  What  large  medical  schools  at  Richmond?  (11)  What  are 
the  endowed  schools  for  girls?  (12)  Xame  other  important  schools  for  girls. 

5.  Public  Schools.  —  Before  the  "War  between  the  States," 
Virginia  had  110  regular  free  public  school  system,  though  there 
were  state  funds  for  the  education  of  the  children  of  the  poor  (the 
whites,  of  course),  and  in  1860,  31,000  children  were  being  taught 
at  the  expense  of  the  state.  In  1870  a  public  school  system  was 
established  for  the  benefit  of  the  whites  and  the  negroes  alike,  and 
in  1875  the  number  of  children  in  the  public  schools  was  184,000. 
Now  the  number  is  371,595,  of  whom  251,697  are  white  children. 
The  state  spends  nearly  82,000,000  a  year  on  the  public  schools, 
and  there  are  about  9000  teachers  in  the  work.  The  system  is 
becoming  more  and  more  efficient  each  year.  At  the  head  of  the 
system  is  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  with  whom  is 
associated  the  Governor  and  Attorney-General  of  the  state  as  a 
Board  of  Education.  These  appoint  the  county  and  city  superin- 
tendents. Considering  the  fact  that  Virginia  has  had  a  regular 


VIRGINIA 


public  school  system  only  thirty  years,  it  is  remarkable  that  91|  per 
cent  of  whites,  and  til),  per  cent  of  negroes  can  read  and  write. 

REVIEW  QI-KS- 
TIONS.  —  (1)  "What 
provisions  did  the  state 
make  for  public  edu- 
cation before  1870? 
(~2)  How  many  chil- 
dren were  being  edu- 
cated by  the  state  in 
1800?  (3)  What  kind 
of  a  system  was  es- 
tablished in  1870? 
(4)  How  many  chil- 
dren in  the  public 


schools  in  181 


How 


FIG.  15. 
A  type  of  the  illiterate  negro,  now  fast  disnppearin 


many  now?  (5)  What 
does  the  state  spend 
on  public  school  edu- 
cation? (G)  How 
many  teachers  in  the 

schools  now  ?  (7)  Who  compose  the  Board  of  Education?  (8)  Who  is  at  the 
head  of  the  public  schools  in  the  counties  and  cities?  (9)  What  per  cent  of 
the  whites  can  read  ?  What  per  cent  of  the  negroes  ? 

6.  Government.  —  Virginia  has  three  branches  of  government : 
the  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Judicial. 

The  chief  executive  is  the  Governor  who  is  elected  for  four  years  and 
resides  in  Richmond.  Other  members  of  the  Executive  are  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Commonwealth,  the  Auditors  of  the  Public  Accounts,  the 
Treasurer,  and  the  Register  of  the  Land  Office.  The  chief  adviser 
of  these  is  the  Attorney -General. 

The  legislative  body,  the  General  Assembly  or  "  Legislature,"  is 
composed  of  two  houses  :  the  Senate,  containing  forty  members  elected 
for  four  years,  and  the  House  of  Delegates,  one  hundred  members 
elected  for  two  years.  Over  the  Senate  presides  the  Lieutenant-Governor, 
elected  for  four  years,  who,  in  the  event  of  the  Governors  death,  would  be 
his  successor. 

The  judicial  branch  is  composed  of  a  Supreme  Court  of  five  judges  for 
the  whole  state.  In  addition  to  this  court  the  state  is  divided  into  cir- 
cuits, and  over  each  of  these  is  a  judge.  At  present  nearly  all  of  the 
counties  have  judges  also. 

In  each  county  there  are  several  divisions  known  as  "  Magisterial 
Districts,"  and  in  these  are  elected  certain  local  officers,  such  as  supervisor, 
magistrates,  constables,  and  overseers  of  the  poor.  The  Board  of  Super- 
visors (i.e.  all  the  supervisors  meeting  together)  decide  on  the  amount  of 
the  tax  for  the  county,  which  is  collected  by  the  Treasurer.  The  county 


POLITICAL,    SOCIAL,   AND  INDUSTRIAL   DEVELOPMENT        21 

court  is  presided  over  by  the  county  judge,  and  the  interests  of  the  county 
are  looked  after  by  a  lawyer  called  the  Commonwealth-Attorney.  The 
arresting  of  criminals  and  the  carrying  out  of  the  decrees  of  the  court 
are  done  by  the  sheriff.  In  each  magisterial  district  is  a  board  of  three 
school  trustees  who  elect  the  teachers. 

There  are  ten  representatives  in  the  Lower  House  of  Congress. 

Virginia  has  had  four  regular  constitutions :  one  of  1776,  a 
second  of  1830,  a  third  of  1851,  and  a  fourth  of  1868.  A  fifth  Con- 
stitutional Convention  is  now  in  session,  and  some  changes  will  be 
made  in  the  government.  (For  proposed  changes,  see  Appendix  E.) 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  How  many  branches  of  government?  What  are 
they  ?  (2)  Who  is  the  executive  ?  What  is  the  term  of  office  ?  (3)  Xame  other 
officers  of  the  Executive  Department.  (4)  What  is  the  composition  of  the  House 
of  Delegates?  (5)  What  is  the  composition  of  the  Senate?  (6)  Who  presides 
over  the  Senate?  (7)  Tell  of  the  courts.  (S)  How  are  the  counties  divided? 
(9)  Who  are  the  chief  officers  of  the  county  ?  (10)  How  many  representatives  has 
Virginia  in  Congress?  (11)  How  many  constitutions  has  Virginia  had? 

7.  Transportation.  —  Virginia  has  a  number  of  steamship  lines 
and  railroads,  and  nearly  all  of  the  carrier  business  is  conducted 
through  these  agencies.  Only  eight  counties  are  without  railroads 
or  water  transportation  within  their  limits.  Under  these  conditions 
the  public  highways  in  some  sections  are  greatly  neglected. 

There  are  seven  regular  steamship  lines  plying  between  points  in 
Virginia  and  the  other  states  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  Man}'  ships 
from  European  countries  come  from  time  to  time  to  Xorfolk  and 
Newport  News  for  cargoes. 

Eight  large  railway  companies  do  business  in  Virginia,  besides  a 
number  of  smaller  companies. 

(1)  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Koad  (C.  &  0.)  has  its  eastern  terminus 
at  Newport  News.     It  passes  through  Richmond,  from  which  point  it  has 
two  divisions  to  Clifton  Forge,  thence  on  to  the  West.     The  main  office  of 
this  company  is  in  Richmond. 

(2)  The  Southern  Railway  has  three  great  divisions  in  the  state,  all 
of  which  meet  in  Danville ;  one  runs  from  Danville  via  Lynchburg  and 
Charlottesville  to  Washington,  a  second  from  Danville  to  Richmond  and 
thence  to  West  Point,  on  the  York  River,  making  connection  for  Balti- 
more and  points  north ;  and  a  third  from  Danville  to  Norfolk. 

(3)  The  Seaboard  Air  Line  (S.  A.  L.)  has  one  branch  which  runs  from 
the  South  to  Richmond,  and  makes  connection  by  means  of  the  Washing- 
ton Southern  for  the  North,  while  another  branch  runs  from  the  South 
to  Portsmouth.     The  general  offices  of  this  company  are  in  Portsmouth. 

(4)  The  Atlantic  Coast  Line  (A.  C.  L.)  has  one  road  from  the  South 


•2-2  VIRGINIA 

to  Petersburg,  thence  to  Richmond,  with  connections  for  the  North  over 
the  Washington  Southern.  Another  branch  runs  from  North  Carolina  to 
Norfolk. 

(."))  The  Norfolk  and  Western  Road  (N.  &  W.)  has  its  eastern  termi- 
nus at  Norfolk.  It  traverses  the  state,  passing  through  Petersburg, 
Lynchburg,  and  Roanoke  to  Bristol,  making  connections  into  Tennessee. 
There  are  several  branch  roads ;  one  of  which  passes  from  the  North 


Kic.   Hi. 
Coal  piers  at  Lambert's  Point. 

Carolina  line  through  Roanoke  and  Luray  to  the  West  Virginia  line  on 
the  Potomac,  while  another  important  branch  goes  from  Lynchburg  to 
Durham,  N.C. 

(6)  The  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Norfolk  Road  ("Nyp"  &  N.) 
runs  from  New  York  to  Norfolk  through  the  Eastern  Shore.     The  road 
has  steamship  connections  between  Cape  Charles  and  Norfolk. 

(7)  The  Washington  Southern  (W.  S.)  is  the  direct  line  between  Rich- 
mond and  Washington  via  Quantico.     It  is  made  up  of  the  Richmond, 
Fredericksburg  and  Potomac,  and  the  Baltimore  and  Potomac ;  these  two 
roads  meet  at  Quantico. 

(8)  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  (now  Pennsylvania)  has  a  division  in  the 
Northern  Valley. 

In  all  there  are  about  3500  miles  of  railroad.  In  round  num- 
bers, the  C.  &  O.  lias  750;  the  Southern,  750;  S.  A.  L.,  150; 
A.  ('.  L.,  125;  N.  &  W.,  1000;  "Nyp"  &  N.,  60;  and  the  W.  S., 
117  ;  -while  the  remainder  (about  500  miles)  is  held  by  many  small 
companies.  (Trace  out  all  the  roads  and  find  the  divisions  of  them 
and  tell  the  counties  and  cities  through  which  they  pass.) 

RKVIKW  Qt'ESTioxs. — (1)  What  are  the  transportation  facilities  of  Virginia? 
(2)  What  are  the  main  divisions  of  the  C.  &  O.  ?  What  are  the  divisions  of  the 
Southern  Railway?  (:5)  (Jive  an  account  of  the  S.  A.  L.  (4)  What  is  the  extent 
of  the  A.  C.  L. ?  (5)  Give  an  account  of  the  X.  &  W.  and  its  branches.  (6)  What 
is  the  '•  Nyp  "  and  X.?  (7)  What  is  the  importance  of  the  Washington  South- 
ern ?  (8)  Where  is  the  B.  &  O.  road  in  Virginia?  (0)  How  many  miles  of  road 
in  Virginia?  (10)  How  many  miles  has  each  of  the  important  roads? 


CHAPTER   III 


TIDEWATER   VIRGINIA 

I.  CITIES  AND  COUNTRY  ABOUT  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  CHESAPEAKE 

i.  Norfolk.  —  Because  Hampton  Roads  is  such  a  fine  harbor,  a 
number  of  cities  has  grown  up  around  it.  The  largest  of  these  is 
Norfolk  (population,  46,624).  It  has  long  been  an  important  com- 
mercial centre  because  of  its  connection  with  the  sea. 

One  of  its  chief  industries  is  the  shipment  of  early  vegetables  to 
Northern  markets.  Large  quantities  of  lumber,  grain,  provisions,  horses 
and  cattle,  and  naval  stores  are  han- 
dled. In  the  shipping  of  cotton  it 
has  become  the  third  port  in  the 
Union.  The  oyster  and  fish  indus- 
tries are  important.  Near  Norfolk 
(Lambert's  Point)  the  Norfolk  and 
Western  Eailroad  has  its  coal  piers 
where  many  foreign  ships  load. 
Here  and  at  Newport  News  the 
enormous  coal  product  of  Virginia 
and  West  Virginia  has  its  chief  port. 

Norfolk  is  in  touch  with  the  West 
by  means  of  the  Norfolk  and  West- 
ern and  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
trunk  lines  of  railroad;  with  the 
states  south  by  the  Seaboard  Air 
Line,  the  Southern,  and  the  Nor- 
folk and  Southern  railroads ;  and 
with  the  North  by  the  New  York. 
Philadelphia,  and  Norfolk  Railroad. 

Steamship  lines  connect  Norfolk 
with  Baltimore,  Washington,  and  the 
inland  Virginia  cities ;  also  with 
New  York,  Boston,  and  Savannah,  FIG.  17. 

and  with  foreign  lands.     The  A.lbe-  Opening:  oysters. 

marie  and  Chesapeake  Canal  and  the 

Dismal  Swamp  Canal  connect  the  Norfolk  waters  with  the  great  bays  and 
sounds   of  North   Carolina.      Through   them   come    great   quantities  of 

23 


24 


VIRGINIA 


lumber,  shingles,  staves,  railroad  ties,  juniper  logs,  cotton,  salt  fish,  shad, 
and  vegetables. 

Not  far  from  Norfolk,  connected  with  it  by  railroad  or  electric  cars, 
are  two  famous  summer  resorts,  Virginia  Beach  and  Ocean  View. 

RKVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (_!)  Why  is  there  a  number  of  cities  on  the  Hampton 
Roads?  (2)  Which  is  the  largest  city?  (:5)  Why  is  it  important?  (4)  What 
are  the  main  industries  ?  (">)  What  railroads  has  Norfolk  ?  (0)  What  are  its 
water  facilities?  (7)  What  summer  resorts  are  near  Norfolk? 


2.    Portsmouth. — Just 


FIG.  IS. 
Cotton  ready  to  be  shipped. 


across  the  Elizabeth  River,  and  really 
forming  part  of  the  same  commu- 
nity with  Norfolk,  are  Portsmouth 
(population,  17,427)  and  Berkley 
(population,  4988).  Portsmouth 
has  a  splendid  harbor  suited  for 
I  lie  largest  vessels.  The  United 
States  has  here  a  well-equipped 
navy  yard  and  a  marine  hospital. 

Handling  early  vegetables  is  the 
main  industry,  in  which  Portsmouth 
is   second  only  to  Norfolk.      Many 
thousand  laborers  are  employed  in 
preparing    "  truck "    (early    vegeta- 
bles) for  market.     Planting  and  harvesting  oysters  is  also  an  important 
industry. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  cities  are  near  Norfolk  ?  (2)  What  is  the 
size 'of  them?  (3)  What  has  the  United  States  at  Portsmouth ?  (!)  What  is  the 
chief  industry? 

3.  Berkley.  —  Berkley  (population,  4988)  has  grown  very  rapidly 
in  recent  years.     The  Elizabeth  River  lies  on  two  sides.     It  is  a  most 
accessible  shipping  point  for  the  pine  forests  of  North  Carolina,  and 
four  large  lumber  mills  have  been  established.     Other  industries  are 
knitting  mills,  machine  shops,  and  the  railroad  shops  of  the  Norfolk 
and  Southern,  which  ends  here. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  How  is  Berkley  situated  with  reference  to  the 
Elizabeth  River?  (2)  What  are  its  chief  industries? 

4.  Newport  News.  —  Ten  miles  from  Norfolk,  and  connected  with 
it  by  a  line  of  ferryboats,  is  Newport  News  (population,  19,635).     In 
1890  it  had   only  4000  people.     Collis  P.   Huntington,  seeing   the 
possibilities  of  its  magnificent  harbor  and  great  water  front,  established 


TIDEWATER    VIRGINIA 


25 


here  one  of  the  largest  shipyards  and  dry-docks  in  the  United  States, 

where  great  war-ships,  for  this  and  other  nations,  and  ocean-going 

steamers  are  built.      The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad  has  here 

perhaps    the    best 

coaling  station  on 

the  continent,  and 

a  grain  elevator  of 

a    million    and    a 

half      bushels      in 

which  the  grain  is 

stored   for  reship- 

ment. 

REVIEW  QUES- 
TIONS. —  (1)  Where 
is  Newport  News 
located?  (2)  What 
industries  has  it?  FIG.  19. 

Launching  a  battle-ship  at  Newport  Xews. 

5.    Hampton, 

Phoebus,  and  Old  Point  Comfort.  —  All  the  southern  end  of  "  The 
Peninsula,"  from  Newport  News  eastward,  is  being  built  up  rapidly. 
At  Hampton  (population,  3441)  is  the  National  Home,  where  some 
three  thousand  old  and  disabled  Union  soldiers  are  quartered. 
This  institution  expends  about  81,500,000  every  year.  Here  also 
is  a  normal  institute  for  the  industrial  education  of  negroes  and 
Indians. 

Near  by  are  Phoebus  (population,  2094),  a  young  and  growing 

town,  and  Old 
Point  Comfort, 
famous  the  world 
over  as  a  health 
resort.  Old  Point 
Comfort  has  great 
hotels  where  thou- 
sands of  people 
come  throughout 
the  year  seeking 
health  and  rest. 
The  climate  is 

mild  in  winter;  in  summer  its  sea  breezes  and  salt  baths  are  most 
invigorating.  Here  is  the  historic  Fortress  Monroe,  a  beautiful 


FIG.  20. 
Naval  rendezvous  iu  Hampton  Roads. 


V lit  G IX I A 


spot,  and  once  important  for  defence  of  the  coast ;  but  in  this  day 
of  armored  war-ships  it  is  useful  only  for  barracks  and  magazine. 

Buck  roe  Beach,  a  popular  resort 
for  pleasure  and  health,  is  only 
two  miles  away. 

RF.VIKW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What 
towns  on  "The  Peninsula"  near  New- 
port News?  (l2)  What  is  the  si/.e  of 
Hampton?  (:))  What  institutions  are 
located  here?  (4)  What  is  the  size  of 
Phoebus?  (.">)  For  what  is  Old  Point 
Comfort  well  known?  ((>)  Where  is 
Buckroe  Beach? 


FIG.  -21. 
Hygeia  Hotel  at  Old  Point  Comfort. 


6.  The  Oyster  Industry  and  Fishing.  —  The  waters  of  this  section 
are  the  most  noted  in  America  for  oysters.  The  oysters  found  in 
Lynn  Haven  Bay,  a  small  bay  east  of  Hampton  Roads,  are  the  most 
prized.  The  Chesapeake  furnishes  four  times  as  many  oysters  as  all 
other  places  on  our  coasts.  Besides,  fish  and  other  sea  food  are  found 
in  greater  variety  here  than  elsewhere.  Naturally,  then,  fishing  and 
"oystering"  are  among  the  chief  industries  of  the  people. 


FIG.  '2-2. 
The  interior  of  Fortress  Monroe. 


Oysters  are  planted  by  throwing  into  the  water,  where  the  depth  and 
other  conditions  are  suitable,  old  shells  to  which  young  oysters  attach 
themselves  and  grow.  The  oysters  are  gathered  by  means  of  long-handled 


TIDEWATER    VIRGINIA 


27 


tongs.  For  catching  the  fish,  seines  are  used,  some  being  a  mile  and  a  half 
long  and  so  great  that  they  are  handled  by  means  of  windlasses. 

Certain  fish  caught  in  enormous  quantities  are  used  to  make  oil ; 
the  refuse  from  the  oil  factories,  called  "  fish-scrap,"  makes  a  good 
fertilizer. 

Game  is  very  abundant.  Sora,  geese,  and  especially  the  noted  canvas- 
back  duck,  are  highly  prized  foods  and  profitable  to  the  hunter. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  For  what  are  the  waters  of  the  Chesapeake  noted? 
(2)  In  what  small  bay  are  the  best  oysters  found  ?  (3)  What  are  the  chief  indus- 
tries around  the  Chesapeake  ?  (4)  How  are  oysters  harvested  ?  (5)  How  are  fish 
caught?  (6)  What  is  made  from  fish?  (7)  What  kind  of  game  is  found  around 
the  Chesapeake? 

7.  Country  about  the  Chesapeake.  —  All  the  Virginia  counties 
that  border  on  the  Chesapeake,  and  especially  Nansemond,  Norfolk, 
and  Princess  Anne  counties,  the  !' Eastern  Shore''  and  the  lower 
"Northern  Neck,"  raise  great  quantities  of  "truck,"  so  much  so  that 
the  section  has  been  called  the  market  garden  of  the  Northern  cities. 
Corn,  potatoes,  peas,  cabbages,  onions,  and  berries,  gathered  here  in 
the  afternoon,  can  be  purchased  next  morning  in  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  other  Northern  markets.  The  "  Eastern  Shore,"  through 
the  building  of  the  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Norfolk  Railroad, 


28  VIRGINIA 

lias,  in  recent  years,  changed  from  raising  oats  and  corn  to  rais- 
ing early  vegetables,  which  prove  more  profitable.  Two  of  the 
greatest  crops  are  potatoes  and  strawberries.  Where  the  land  is 
less  fertile,  peanuts  are  largely  raised,  as  well  as  corn,  oats,  and 
other  field  crops. 

The  Dismal  Swamp  region  in  Norfolk  and  Nansemond  coun- 
ties has  a  great  wealth  of  cypress,  juniper,  cedar,  pine,  and  other 
soft  woods,  many  of  them  peculiar  to  swamp  regions  near  the 
sea.  Cypress  is  excellent  for  staves,  buckets,  pails,  tubs,  and 
shingles. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  is  the  great  occupation  in  the  counties  around 
the  Chesapeake?  (~J)  What  sections  especially  ship  vegetables  to  the  North? 
(:})  What  are  the  chief  vegetables?  (4)  What  products  come  from  the  Dismal 
Swamp  region?  (5)  For  what  purpose  are  they  used? 

II.    TIDEWATER  VIRGINIA  WEST  OF  THE  CHESAPEAKE 

8.  Tidewater  Counties  West  of  the  Chesapeake.  —  In  all  the  streams 
of  this  region  large  quantities  of  fish  and  oysters  are  gotten.     In 
many  counties  large   deposits  of  marl  valuable    for   fertilizers  are 
found,  but  it  is  not  of  sufficient  value  for  the  market.     The  chief 
industry,  however,  is  agriculture.     Some  trucking  is  done  in  every 
part  where    conditions   are    favorable.       In    the    southern   portion, 
Southampton,  Sussex,  and  adjoining  counties,  cotton  is  raise'd  and 
great  fields  are  planted  in  peanuts  and  strawberries  ;  but  much  of  the 
farming  is  in  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  hay.     The  climate,  not  given  to 
extremes,  makes  this  country  favorable  to  fruit  growing. 

The  forests  contain  pine  and  oak  timber,  and  sawmills  cutting  it 
up  for  shipment  are  numerous. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  do  the  streams  of  the  Tidewater  furnish? 
(2)  What  deposits  are  found  in  the  earth?  (:})  What  are  the  prevailing  indus- 
tries ?  (4)  Name  the  chief  agricultural  products  of  this  region.  (5)  What  kind 
of  timber  is  cut  ? 

9.  Towns  of  the  Counties  West  of  the  Chesapeake.  —  This  section 
has  few  towns.      Suffolk  (population,  3827)  in  Nansemond  County  is  a 
point  at  which  several  railroads  cross  on  their  way  to  Norfolk.     Much 
lumber  is  shipped  from  this  point.     At  Williamsburg  (population, 
2044)  in  James  City  County,  a  town  of  great  historic  interest,  is  sit- 
uated William  and  Mary  College,  the  oldest  college  in  Virginia;  the 
Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  the  oldest  in  the  United  States;  and 


TIDE WA  TER    VIRGINIA 


29 


the  well-known  Bruton  Parish  Church.  Smithfield  (population, 
1225)  in  Isle  of  Wight  County  is  famous  for  its  hams,  and  has,  per- 
haps, the  largest  peanut  factory  in  the  world,  two  hundred  thousand 
bags  of  peanuts 
being  cleaned  and 
prepared  for  mar- 
ket yearly.  West 
Point  (population, 
1307)  in  King  Wil- 
liam County  is  at 
the  head  of  York 
River,  and  is  the 
terminus  for  the 
York  River  Divi- 
sion of  the  South- 
ern Railroad.  It 
is  an  important 
shipping  point ;  a  regular  line  of  boats  runs  from  West  Point  to 
Baltimore.  The  county  seats  (courthouses)  in  all  of  the  Tidewater 
counties  are  usually  small  villages. 

REVIEW  QUESTION'S.  —  (1)  Are  there  many  towns?  (2)  What  is  the  impor- 
tance of  Suffolk?  (3)  What  are  the  interesting  features  about  William sburg? 
(4)  For  what  industries  is  Smithfield  noted?  (o)  What  is  the  importance  of 
West  Point?  (6)  What  is  said  of  the  courthouses? 


FIG.  24. 
Bruton  Parish  Church. 


FIG.  '_'-). 
Richmond  after  the  evacuation  in  1S<>5. 


CHAPTER    IV 
CITIES   AT   THE    HEAD   OF   TIDEWATER 

i.  General  State- 
ment. —  On  the 
hills  where  the  riv- 
ers of  Virginia  tum- 
ble down  over  the 
ancient  rocks  into 
broad  estuaries  are 
located  several  cit- 
ies, the  oldest  of 
the  interior  cities  of 
the  state.  They  are 
Petersburg,  Rich- 
mond, Manchester, 
and  Fredericks- 
burg.  Alexandria 

is  also  situated  near  the  head  of  tidewater  on  the  Potomac.     As 
boats  reach  all  these  cities,  they  have  advantages  of  seaports. 

2.  Richmond 
and  Manchester.  - 
The  largest  city 
in  Virginia  and 
fourth  largest  in 
the  South  is  Rich- 
mond (population, 
85,0r>0;,  founded 
in  1733  by  William 
Byrd.  It  is  the 
capital  of  Virginia, 
and  from  1801  to 
1865  was  the  capi- 
tal of  the  Confed-  Fl(,  .)); 

States.  Richmond :  Main  Street,  1902. 

30 


CITIES   AT   THE  HEAD    OF   TIDEWATER 


31 


FIG.  27. 
Richmond :  Broad  Street. 

Its  growth  is  due  to  natural  conditions ;  to  its  central  position  in 
a  great  territory  from  which  it  draws  raw  material  and  which  it  sup- 
plies with  manufactured  goods ;  to 
its  great  water-power ;  to  its  rail- 
roads connecting  it  with  the  South, 
North,  and  West ;  and  to  its  con- 
nection with  the  sea.  These  have 
made  it  one  of  the  important 
manufacturing  cities  of  the  South. 
It  has  many  manufacturing  inter- 
ests, but  the  largest  are  those  of 
iron,  tobacco,  fertilizer,  and  flour. 

The  flour  in  ills,  Gallego  and 
Dunlop,  have  annual  sales  of  over 
$2,000,000;  their  trade  extends  to 
South  America.  Large  iron  plants 
are  the  Tredegar,  the  Old  Dominion 
Nail  Works,  and  the  Locomotive 
Works,  employing  over  three  thou-  FIG.  28. 

sand  hands.      The  W.  K.  Trigg  ship-  Richmond  :  Chamber  of  Commerce, 

yards,    one    of    Richmond's    newest 

and  largest  industries,  has  built  several  vessels  for  the  United  States 
government. 


Vina  IN  i  A 


In  the  tobacco  industry  Kichmond  stands  next  to  Xew  York  and  St. 
Louis.     The   various  factories   for  plug  and  smoking  tobacco,  cigarettes, 

cigars,  and  cheroots, 
and  the  redrying  of 
prized  tobacco  and 
the  selling  of  the 
loose  leaf  employ 
more  than  ten  thou- 
sand men.  Large 
quantities  of  Vir- 
ginia tobacco  are 
shipped  to  European 
factories,  llich- 
mond  is  headquar- 
ters for  the  Yirginia- 
Carolina  Chemical 
Company,  which 

controls  almost  all  of  the  fertilizer  factories  of  the  South.     The  cedar  works 
have  an  extensive  trade.     There  are  great  wholesale  houses  and  many  banks. 


Fio.  29. 
Belle  Isle:  the  Old  Dominion  Nail  Works. 


Laborers  at  the  dinner-hour. 


FIG.  ;50. 
Tobacco  factory. 


Stripping  and  drying  rooms. 


CITIES   AT   THE  HEAD    OF   TIDEWATER 


35 


year.     It  has  cotton  mills,  flour  mills,  eight  large  peanut  factories, 
iron  works,  silk  mills,  and  factories  for  various  articles. 

Several  railroads  pass  through  the  city ;  steamboats  come  to  its 
wharves,  and  the  falls  of  the  river  afford  splendid  water-power. 

About  Peters- 
burg, the  key  to 
Richmond,  were 
many  of  the  en- 
gagements of  the 
"  War  between  the 
States."  Earth- 
works are  still  seen 
around  the  city. 

REVIEW  QUES- 
TIONS. —  Where  is 
Petersburg  located  ? 
(2)  What  is  its  popu- 
lation ?  (3)  AVhat 
are  its  industries? 
(4)  What  was  its  im- 
portance in  the 
"  War  "  ? 

4.  Fredericks- 
burg  and  Alexan- 
dria. —  Many  his- 
torical associations 
cling  about  Fred- 
ericksburg  (popu- 
lation, 5058), 
situated  on  the 
Rappahannock 
River  sixty  miles 
north  of  Richmond. 
The  country  was  the  scene  of  many  great  battles.  It  1ms  good 
water-power,  a  shoe  factory,  three  flour  mills,  and  iron  foundries. 

Alexandria  (population,  14,528)  is  but  seven  miles  from  Wash- 
ington City  and  near  Mount  Vernon,  the  home  of  George  Washing- 
ton. Its  manufactures  include  bricks  and  fertilizers. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  Where  is  Fredericksburg  located  ?  (2)  What  are 
its  industries?  (3)  What  is  its  historic  interest?  (4)  Where  is  Alexandria 
located?  (5)  Why  is  it  of  historic  interest  ?  (6)  What  are  its  industries? 


Fm.  35. 

Cutting  tobacco. 
Warehouse  floor,  showing  loose-leaf  tobacco. 


CHAPTER  V 
THE   MIDDLE   COUNTRY,  PIEDMONT,    AND   BLUE   RIDGE 

1.  The  Middle  Country:   General  Description. — This    section    is 
distinct  in  every  way  from  the  Tidewater  region,  where  the  country 
is  alluvial  and  marl  is  found  everywhere,  but  no  minerals,  and  where 
trucking  is  one  of  the  main  industries.     In  the  Middle  Country  the 
soil  is  based  on  ancient  rocks ;  there  is  no  marl,  but  minerals  of  many 
kinds  exist  in  almost  every  county,  and  the  staple  crops  are  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  hay,  and  tobacco.     In  the  vicinity  of  Richmond  and  the 
other  cities,  tempted  by  the  nearness  of   markets,  the  farmers  are 
raising  vegetables  and  poultry,  and  are  engaging  in  dairy-farming. 
Instead  of  the  great  farms  of  the  Tidewater,  with  widely  separated 
farm-houses,  the  country  is  divided  into  many  small  farms  and  dotted 
over  with  small  towns  and  villages,  which  afford  a  market  for  the 
exchange  of  produce  for  manufactured  articles. 

There  are  many  energetic,  thriving  towns,  but  with  the  exception 
of  Richmond,  Fredericksburg,  and  other  cities  named  above,  which 
belong  to  Tidewater  as  much  as  to  the  Middle  Country,  Danville  is 
the  only  city. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  I  low  does  the  Middle  Country  differ  from  Tide- 
water? (2)  What  are  the  chief  products  of  the  Middle  Country  V  ('})  How  is  it 
settled  ?  (4)  What  is  said  of  its  cities  ? 

2.  Middle  Country :  Southside.  —  This  region,  south  of  the  James 
and  bordering  on  the  North  Carolina  line,  is  the  region  of  bright 
tobacco,   the   most   southern   counties  being   a   part   of    the   famous 
"  Golden  Tobacco  Belt,"  extending  into  North  Carolina. 

The  tobacco,  when  cut,  is  hung,  stalk  and  all,  tier  upon  tier,  in  log 
barns  which  are  heated  to  a  high  temperature  by  means  of  flues.  If  the 
heat  be  properly  regulated,  in  two  or  three  days  the  leaf  becomes  a  golden 
yellow.  This  method  has  been  introduced  in  other  counties  where  formerly 
the  tobacco  was  sun-cured.  The  yellow  tobacco  is  used  chiefly  in  making 
cigarettes  and  smoking  tobacco.  Tobacco  is  largely  the  "  money  crop," 
and  scarcely  anything  else  is  raised  to  sell. 

30 


THE  MIDDLE   COUNTRY,   PIEDMONT,   AND   BLUE  RIDGE        37 

This  region  was  very  wealthy  before  the  "  War  between  the  States," 
a  land  of  large  plantations  and  many  slaves.  Brunswick  County  was 
famous  for  its  fine  thoroughbred  horses,  and  this  was  called  the  "  race- 
horse region."  The  Southside  is  well  watered,  and  besides  tobacco 
the  chief  crops  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  and  fruits.  Careless  farm- 
ing has  injured  much  of  the  land.  Much  of  it  is  still  covered  with 
forests  of  pine,  oak,  hickory,  elm,  and  poplar.  An  old  field,  when 
left  uncultivated,  will  quickly  grow  up  in  pines,  which  in  a  few  years 


FIG.  36. 
Sawmill  "hands." 

yield  excellent  timber.     Hickory  logs  from  Mecklenburg  County  are 
shipped  to  Connecticut  for  manufacture  into  spokes  and  handles. 

The  minerals  are  largely  undeveloped  ;  gold  ore,  copper,  silver, 
soapstone,  talc,  and  kaolin  are  found,  and  considerable  quantities  of 
asbestos,  marble,  clay  for  bricks,  and  granite  of  fine  quality,  in  many 
portions.  Large  quantities  of  bituminous  coal  are  found  in  the 
country  southwest  of  Richmond,  called  by  geologists  the  Richmond 
Basin.  In  fact  this  is  the  longest-worked  coal-field  in  the  United 
States.  From  here  coal  was  shipped  to  Philadelphia  before  the 
Pennsylvania  mines  were  opened. 


"VIRGINIA 

The  Buffalo  Lithia  Springs  in  Mecklenburg  County  are  famous 
over  the  world.  The  water  is  used  largely  in  Northern  hospitals. 
Mineral  waters  are  also  found  in  Halifax,  Prince  Edward,  Amelia, 
Powhatan,  and  Chesterfield  counties. 

The  Norfolk  and  Western,  and  Southern  railroads  run  through 
this  section,  and  easy  access  to  the  markets  of  Richmond,  Norfolk, 
and  Danville  is  thus  furnished. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  Where  is  the  South  side  ?     (-0  What  is  said  of  the 

tobacco  industry  in  this  section?  (;})  What  other  crops  are  raised?  (4)  What 
kind  of  timber  is  found?  (.">)  What  minerals  are  found?  ((5)  What  is  said  of 
the  coal?  (7)  Where  are  mineral  waters  found?  (*)  What  market  facilities 
are  furnished  ? 

3.  The  Middle  Country :   Cities  and  Towns  of  Southside.  —  Dan- 
ville (population  10,520)  on  the  Dan  River  is  the  greatest  market 
for  loose-leaf  tobacco  and  bright  tobacco  in  the  world  ;  and  in  this 
business  are  engaged  three  or  four  thousand  men  and  great  capital. 
There  are  also  cotton  mills,  flouring  mills,  factories  for  wagons,  boxes, 
and  chairs,  machine  shops,  and  other  industries.     Closely  connected 
is  North  Danville,  just  across  the  river.     Here  are  mills,  factories, 
and  railroad  shops.     The  good  water-power  of  this  point  is  only  par- 
tially used. 

South  Boston  (population,  1851)  on  the  Dan  River  in  Halifax 
County  is  a  very  energetic,  growing  town,  with  a  large  wholesale 
business.  In  the  midst  of  the  bright-tobacco  belt,  it  is  a  fine  market 
for  the  loose-leaf.  Along  the  line  of  the  railroads  are  many  towns, 
such  as  Chatham,  in  Pittsylvania  County;  Clover  and  Houston,  in 
Halifax  County ;  Boydton,  Clarksville,  and  Chase  City,  in  Mecklen- 
burg County ;  Burkeville  and  Crewe,  in  Nottoway  County ;  Keys- 
ville,  in  Charlotte  County;  Emporia,  in  fireenesville  County,  and 
Farmville,  in  Prince  Edward  County.  Most  of  them  are  tobacco 
markets. 

RKVIKNV  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  How  large  is  Danville?  (2)  What  is  its  great 
industry?  (;5)  What  other  industries?  (I)  What  is  the  importance  of  South 
Boston?  (•"))  What  are  some  of  the  small  towns  ? 

4.  The  Middle  Country:  Northern  Counties  and  Towns. — The  pro- 
ductions of  this  section  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  the  Southside. 
Nearness  to  the  cities  has  encouraged  farmers  in  some  of  the  coun- 
ties to  engage  more  largely  of  late  in  the  raising  of  vegetables  and 
poultry  and  in  dairying.     There  are  fine  vineyards ;  and  tobacco, 


THE  MIDDLE  COUNTRY,   PIEDMONT,   AND  BLUE  RIDGE        39 

chiefly  the  dark  sun-cured,  is  also  here  the  "money  crop";  it  is 
largely  made  into  chewing  tobacco,  for  which  Caroline  County  has 
quite  a  reputation.  The  timber  is  very  valuable,  though  the  land  is 
largely  cleared.  Copper,  iron,  and  slate  are  found  abundantly ; 
some  gold  is  mined  in  Louisa  County  (Mineral  City),  and  is  also 
found  in  Spottsylvania  County.  There  are  many  fine  farms  in  this 
section,  and  many  horses  are  raised.  There  are  no  cities  in  this 
section,  but  many  villages  and  towns.  Ashland,  in  Hanover  County, 


FIG.  .4i~. 
Field  of  growing  tobacco. 


the  seat  of  Randolph-Macon  College,  is  a  fine  residential  place. 
Bowling  Green,  in  Caroline  County,  has  a  wagon  factory  and  many 
small  industries ;  Columbia,  in  Fluvanna  County ;  Louisa,  in  Louisa 
County,  and  Manassas,  in  Prince  William  County,  are  thriving 
villages. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  are  the  productions  of  the  northern  coun- 
ties in  Middle  Country V  ('2)  What  minerals  are  found?  (3)  What  are  the 
chief  towns? 


40  vinaiMA 

5.  Piedmont:     Its    Products. — The    Piedmont    section    is    well 
adapted  to  the  raising1  of  tobacco  and  fruits.     The  southern  portion 
has  fine  tobacco  lands,  especially  Henry  County.     Though  the  whole 
section  has  excellent  apple  orchards,  the  middle  portion  is  famous 
through  the  world  for  its  Albemarle  Pippins.     Large  quantities  of 
them  are  sent  every  year  to  England   and  to  all  parts  of  America, 
and  bring  high  prices.     Queen  Victoria  of  England  is  said  to  have 
prized  the   Pippins  sent   from   this  region    above    all  other    apples. 
Albemarle  County  is  the  native  home  of  this  apple,  but  it  is  raised 
with  great  success  in  Rappahannock  and  adjoining  counties.     Nelson 
County  first  produced  the  Pilot  apple,  which  is  scarcely  less  valuable. 
Peaches  and  Winesap  apples  are  also  a  valuable  crop. 

On  the  spurs  of  the  mountains  are  grown  grapes,  which  are  made 
into  wine.  The  Monticello  Wine  Company  and  other  presses  make 
annually  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  gallons.  Other  farm 
products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  buckwheat.  Many  thoroughbred 
cattle,  sheep,  and  blooded  horses  are  raised,  especially  in  Albemarle 
and  Loudoun  counties.  The  timber  of  all  this  region — oak,  pine, 
hickory,  poplar,  and  chestnut  —  is  very  valuable,  and  there  are  hun- 
dreds of  sawmills  cutting  it  into  lumber  for  shipping  or  for  manu- 
facture. In  Culpeper  County  there  are  factories  making  chairs, 
plough  beams,  and  spools.  Besides  these  there  are  woollen  and 
knitting  mills.  Iron  ore,  zinc,  mica,  silver,  granite,  slate  for  pen- 
cils, and  excellent  marble  are  found ;  but  almost  all  of  these  are  as 
yet  undeveloped.  The  iron  of  Amherst  County  is  being  mined  to 
some  extent. 

RKVIEW  QrKSTioxs. —  (1)  What  is  said  of  the  tobacco  crop  in  the  Piedmont 
section?  (2)  What  is  the  chief  fruit  crop?  ('5)  What  is  done  with  the  grapes? 
(1)  What  is  said  of  cattle  and  horse  raising?  (.">)  What  are  the  chief  timbers? 
('))  What  kind  of  factories  is  in  Culpeper?  (7)  What  are  the  chief  mineral 
products? 

6.  Piedmont:  Cities  and  Towns. — The  largest  city  of  this  section 
is  Lynchburg  (population,  18,891),  called  the  "Hill  City  "  because 
it  is  situated  on  several  steep  hills,  the  highest  rising  three  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  James  River.     It  is  a  wealthy,  prosperous  city. 

Its  water-power  is  such  as  to  encourage  manufacturing.  This  interest 
includes  cotton  mills,  and  factories  for  flour,  candy,  bricks,  spokes  and 
handles,  hogsheads,  wagons,  and  fertilizers.  The  tobacco  market  is  one  of 
tlie  largest  in  the  state.  There  are  prize  houses,  stemmeries  to  prepare 
tobacco  for  shipment  and  manufacture,  and  factories  for  cigars,  snuff,  and 


CHAPTER   VI 
THE   VALLEY   AXD   THE   APPALACHIAN   SECTION 


FIG.  39. 
Southwest  Virginia :  Blue  Grass  cattle-farm. 


i.  The  Valley:  the  Southwest.  —  This  region,  extending  from 
Roanoke  County  to  the  North  Carolina  line,  is  a  great  centre  for 
mining,  manufacturing,  and  stock  raising.  From  here,  especially  the 


FIG.  40. 

Wheat  field  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia. 
43 


VIRGINIA 


FIG.  41. 
Iron  furnace  at  Pulaski  City. 


counties  of  Smyth,  Wy the,  and  Pulaski,  great  quantities  of  cattle  are 
exported  to  Europe  and  South  America.  In  Smyth  is  a  ten-thousand- 
acre  blue-gmss  stock  farm,  which  is  said  to  have  the  largest  herd 
of  short-horned  cattle  in  the  world.  This  farm  ships  more  cattle 

to  South  America 
than  other  Ameri- 
can breeder  s. 
This  whole  section 
raises  fine  horses, 
sheep,  and  cattle. 
There  are  nu- 
merous iron  fur- 
naces, and  the 
manufacture  of 
iron  and  steel  is 
carried  on  exten- 
sively. In  Smyth 
County  are  the  Lobdell  Carwheel  Company's  works  for  making  rail- 
road and  street-car  wheels.  In  Pulaski  County  are  the  Bertha  Zinc 
Works,  the  largest  in  the  South.  These  were  made  famous  by  an 
order  some  years  ago  from  the  Italian  government  for  zinc  to  be 
used  in  the  making  of  cannon.  Vitrified  bricks  and  sewer  pipes 
are  made  of  the 
fine  clay  of  the 
region. 

Other  indus- 
tries include  the 
canneries  of  Roan- 
oke  County  and 
the  wood  and 
leather  factories 
of  Wythe  County. 
Sawmills  are  pre- 
paring the  walnut, 
oak,  hickory,  and  poplar  of  the  hills  for  market,  while  factories  are 
turning  this  timber  into  furniture  and  farming  tools.  Mining  is 
developing  the  boundless  wealth  of  minerals.  Valuable  iron  ore, 
in  addition  to  that  manufactured,  is  exported  from  the  state,  some 
of  it  to  the  Carnegie  mills.  Manganese  and  coal  are  largely  mined. 
Other  minerals  are  zinc,  lead,  gold,  salt,  and  gypsum.  Marble,  slate, 


FIG.  4'2. 
The  Bertha  Zinc  Works,  Pulaski  City. 


THE    VALLEY  AND    THE  APPALACHIAN   SECTION 


45 


FIG.  43. 

Rich  Hill  mine,  on  New  River  in  "Wythe  County.    Big:  cut,  from 
which  over  300,000  tons  of  iron  ore  have  been  taken. 


kaolin,  onyx,  and  petroleum  are  found.     Plaster  (gypsum)  is  used 

largely  for  fertilizer.     Salt  mining  has  long  been  very  important. 

During   the   years 

1861-1865     the 

mines       furnished 

the    salt    used    by 

t  h e      Southern 

people. 

The  presence  of 
salt  shows  that  the 
ocean  once  covered 
this  section.  De- 
tached bodies  of 
seawater  dried  up 
and  left  the  salt  em- 
bedded in  the  earth. 

Farming  is  very 
profitable  ;  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  and 
buckwheat  grow 
well.  Tobacco  is  raised  in  some  of  the  counties.  Several  mineral 
springs  are  in  this  section,  such  as  the  White  Sulphur  and  Alle- 
ghany  in  Montgomery  County.  Others  are  found  in  Smyth  and 

Washington  coun- 
ties, such  as  the 
Alum  Springs  near 
Saltville.  The 
Norfolk  and  West- 
ern Kailroad  ex- 
tends through  all 
of  the  counties  of 
this  section. 

REVIEW  QUES- 
TIONS.—  (1)  What  is 
called  the  Southwest 
section?  (2)  What 
are  its  natural  re- 
sources? (3)  What 
does  it  manufacture? 

FIG.  44.  (4)    What     kind      of 

Iron  ore  washer,  Rich  Hill  mine.  timber     is     found? 


VIRGINIA 


FIG.  45. 
Iron  furnace  at  Bristol. 


(5)  What  part  is  min- 
ing playing  in  the  de- 
velopment of  this  sec- 
tion? (())  What  farm 
products  are  grown  ? 
(7)  Xame  the  chief 
mineral  springs. 


2.  The  Valley: 
The  Cities  and 
Towns  of  the  South- 
west. -  -  This  sec- 
tion is  increasing 

in  population  as  well  as  industries,  and  has  several  growing  towns. 
Bristol  (population,  4579)  in  Washington  County  on  the  Tennessee 
line  is  a  town  of  considerable  manufacturing  interests.  Saltville 
in  Washington  County,  the  centre  of  salt  and  other  mining  opera- 
tions, is  growing  rapidly.  Other  places  of  promise  are  Marion 
in  Smyth  County, 
Wytheville  in 
Wythe  County, 
and  Christiansburg 
in  Montgomery 
County.  Pulaski 
City  in  Pulaski 
County  has  great 
iron  and  zinc  fur- 
naces, flour  mills, 
and  wood- work  ing 
factories. 

Roanoke  (pop- 
ulation, 21,495), 
called  the  "Magic 
City "  from  the 


FIG.  4(>. 


its 


View  of  the  Valley  at  Saltville  in  Washington  County,  showing 
derricks  of  salt  wells  and  settling-pools  in  the  distance. 


rapidity      of 

growth,     had      in 

1880  but  600  people.     It  was  formerly  called  "  Big  Lick,"  from  the 

salt  which  wild  animals  came  many  miles  to  get.      It  is  the  most 

important  manufacturing  city  of  the  Southwest  section  for  iron  and 

steel,  and  also  has  large  machine  shops  and  other  industries.     Near 

Roanoke  is  Salem,  a  thriving  town,  the  seat  of  Roanoke  College. 


THE   VALLEY  AND    THE  APPALACHIAN   SECTION 


47 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  Tell  of  Bristol.  (-J)  What  is  the  importance  of 
Saltville?  (3)  Xame  some  of  the  important  towns.  (4)  What  is  the  size  of 
Roanoke?  (5)  What  are  its  industries  ?  (0)  What  is  the  importance  of  Salem  ? 

3.  The  Valley:  ~ 
Middle  and  North- 
ern Portions. - 
This  section  ex- 
tends from  Bote- 
tourt  County  to 
Frederick  County. 
It  is  characterized 
by  interesting 
scenery  and  vari- 
ety of  industries. 
In  Rockbridge 
County, at  Goshen, 
are  large  iron  fur- 
naces. Iron  is 
rained  to  a  large 
degree  ;  coal,  in 

Botetourt  County ;  tin,  a  rare  metal,  in   Rockbridge  County ;   and 
copper  and  lead  to  some  degree  in  several  counties.     Fine  marble 

is  abundant,  and 
the  burning  of 
limestone  for  ce- 
ment is  one  of  the 
main  industries. 

The  chief  farm- 
ing is  done  in 
grain  ;  a  large 
number  of  mills 
export  flour  ;  and 
corn  and  oats  are 
raised  in  large 
quantities  ;  but 
tobacco  is  raised 
extensively  only  in 
Botetourt.  Much 


FIG.  47. 

Alkali  works  at  Saltville. 


FIG.  48. 
Keiffer  pear-tree,  only  five  years  old:  Botetourt  County. 


fruit  is  grown.     As  is  usual  in  a  grass  region,  the  raising  of  cattle 
and  fine  horses  is  extensive,  especially  in  Rockingham,  Clarke,  and 


48 


VIRdlMA 


Augusta  counties,  whence  much  stock  is  exported  to  the  Northern 
states.  Oak,  walnut,  hickory,  pine,  and  other  timber  employ  a  great 
number  of  sawmills  and  wood  factories.  Bark  is  also  secured  in  great 
quantities  for  tanning.  This  region  is  well  supplied  with  railroads. 

No  region  of  the  South  offers  so  much  of  interest  to  the  sight-seer 
and  the  health  seeker.  Nearly  every  county  has  several  mineral  springs, 

among  them  being 
the  Rock  bridge 
Alum,  and  AVhite 
Sulphur  in  Ko(;k- 
briclge  County,  the 
Orkney  in  Shenan- 
doah  County,  Cha- 
lybeate in  Augusta 
County,  and  many 
others  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Frederick, 
Rockingham,  and 
Botetourt.  At  many 
of  these  springs 
large  hotels  have 
been  built,  which 
are  visited  every 
year  by  thousands 
of  people  seeking 
health  from  these 
medicinal  waters. 
The  most  wonderful 
objects  for  sight- 
seers afcd  geologists 
are  .the  Natural 
Bridge  in  Koek- 
b  ridge  County, 
Weyers  Cave  in 
Augusta  County, 
and  Luray  Cave  in 
Page  County.  The  Natural  Bridge  has  been  called  one  of  the  wonders  of 
the  world.  In  Luray  Cave,  which  is  said  to  have  the  most  marvellous 
stalactites  of  any  cave  in  the  United  States,  the  underground  chambers 
have  been  fitted  up  with  electric  lights.  Excursion  trains  from  many 
directions  bring  thousands  of  visitors. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS. —  (1)  What  is  the  extent  of  the  middle  and  northern 
portions  of  the  Valley?  (2)  What  is  mined  in  this  section?  (=5)  What  are  the 
farm  products  of  this  section  ?  (4)  Where  are  fine  horses  raised  ?  (5)  What  is 


FIG.  49. 
The  Natural  Bridge. 


THE  VALLEY  AND   TI1E  APPALACHIAN  SECTION  41) 

the  chief  timber  product?  (6)  Xame  the  chief  mineral  springs.  (7)  What  are 
the  chief  natural  wonders  ? 

4.  The  Valley:    Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Middle  and  Northern 
portions. —  In  Rockbridge  County  is  Buena  Vista  (population,  12388), 
one  of  Virginia's  new  cities  with  many  enterprises,  such  as  iron, 
steel,  brick,  and  terra-cotta  works,  paper  mills,  and  machine  shops. 
In  the  same  county  is  Lexington  (population,  3263),  the  famous  seat 
of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute,  and  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity.    Staunton   (population,  7289)  in  Augusta  County  has  many 
factories  and  a  large  flour  trade. 

It  has  fine  schools  for  girls,  and 
a  large  hospital  for  the  insane. 
Near  by  are  Waynesboro  and 
Basic  City.  In  Rockingham 
County  is  Harrisonburg  (popu- 
lation, 3521)  ;  in  Shenandoah 
County,  New  Market,  Woodstock, 
and  Strasburg.  The  last  has  Fl:!-  ">°- 

lai'P-e  norppliin  ami  notterv  works         Recumbent  statue  of  General  Lee  at  V'ash- 

ery  WOl  KS.          ington  and  Lee  University  in  Lexington. 

Luray    in    Page    County,    Front 

Royal  in  Warren  County,  Berryville  in  Clarke  County,  and  Middle- 
town  in  Frederick  County  are  thriving  towns.  Winchester  (popu- 
lation, 5161)  in  Frederick  County,  the  centre  for  trade  in  the 
Northern  Valley,  has  many  manufacturing  interests,  especially  of 
flour  and  leather. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  is  the  importance  of  Buena  Vista? 
(2)  Wfhat  institutions  are  situated  in  Lexington  ?  (•>)  What  are  the  chief 
industries  of  Staunton?  (4)  What  are  the  chief  towns  north  of  Staunton? 
(5)  What  city  is  the  centre  of  trade  in  the  Xorthern  Valley? 

5.  The  Appalachian  Section.  — This  section,  too  rugged  for  exten- 
sive farming,  has  fine  grazing  land  and  therefore  has  much  fine  cattle, 
which  is  shipped  from  many  counties  to  eastern  ports  of  the  United 
States  and  over  to  Great  Britain.      Raising  horses  and  sheep  is  in 
many  counties  the  leading  industry.      The  valleys  are  very  fertile, 
one  especially  fertile  is  called  "  Burke's  Garden."     Wheat,  oats,  and 
buckwheat  are  raised.      There  are  also  large  orchards.      The  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  fine  timber,  especially  walnut,  only  waiting 
for  capital  and  railroads.      Minerals  and  valuable  ores,  such  as  iron, 
silver,  gold,  salt,  and  coal,  are  found  in  every  county,  but  as  yet 


50  riKGlMA 

tliey  are  not  largely  mined.  From  Craig  County  came  the  iron 
with  which  the  Tredegar  Iron  Works  in  Richmond  made  cannon 
for  the  Confederate  armies. 

Mineral  springs  are  numerous  and  attract  many  visitors,  especially 
those  in  Bath,  Craig,  Giles,  Bland,  and  Scott  counties.  Bath  County  is 
filled  with  them,  the  best  known  being  the  Hot  Springs.  In  Scott  County 
is  the  famous  Natural  Tunnel,  much  like  the  Natural  Bridge.  Through  it 
runs  the  South  Atlantic  and  Ohio  Railroad.  The  Norfolk  and  Western 
and  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  pass  through  several  of  these  counties,  but 
four  are  entirely  without  railroads.  These,  therefore,  are  largely  undevel- 
oped for  want  of  transportation. 

The  towns  are  small.  Clifton  Forge  (population,  3212)  in  Alle- 
gheny County  has  iron  furnaces,  and  Covington  (population,  2950) 
in  the  same  county  is  a  place  of  commercial  importance.  Tazewell 
(population,  1060)  in  Tazewell  County  is  a  growing  town.  Poca- 
hontas  (population,  2789)  in  the  same  county  is  in  the  midst  of 
rich  coal-fields.  Big  Stone  Gap  in  Wise  County,  Pearisburg  in  Giles 
County,  and  other  villages  are  engaged  in  iron  manufacture. 

REVIEW  QUESTIONS.  —  (1)  What  are  the  farm  products  of  the  Appalachian? 
(2)  What  attention  is  given  to  cattle  raising?  (•'})  What  minerals  are  found? 
(4)  Why  is  this  section  so  undeveloped?  (5)  Where  are  mineral  springs? 
(ti)  What  is  the  Natural  Tunnel?  (7)  Tell  of  the  towns. 


APPENDIX   A 

STATISTICS   FOR   VIRGINIA    BY   DIVISIONS 


TIDEWATER 


COUNTY 

Date 

Area  in 
Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Taxable 
Property, 
Keal  and 
Personal 

County  Seat 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Accomac  .     .     . 

1672 

395 

20,743 

11,827 

32,570 

85,757,426 

Accomac 

Caroline    .     .     . 

1727 

524 

7,667 

9,042 

16,709 

1,992,423 

Bowling  Green 

Charles  City  .     . 

1634 

177 

1,344 

3,696 

5,040 

804,141 

Charles  City 

Elizabeth  City  . 

1634 

46 

10,757 

8,703 

19,460 

4,575,176 

Hampton 

Essex   .... 

1692 

250 

3,576 

6,125 

9,701 

1,097,897 

Tappahannock 

Gloucester     .     . 

1661 

212 

6,224 

6,608 

12,832 

1.543,293 

Gloucester 

Hanover   .     .     . 

1720 

257 

9,696 

7,922 

17,618 

2,928,981 

Hanover  C.  H. 

Henrico     ... 

1634 

253 

17,246 

12,816 

30,062 

11,974,141 

Richmond 

Isle  of  Wight     . 

1634 

299 

6,833 

6,269 

13,102 

2,418,561 

Isle  of  Wight 

James  City    .     . 

1634 

144 

1,346 

2,342 

3,688 

562,488 

Williamsburg 

King  George  .     . 

1720 

176 

3,596 

3,322 

6,918 

709.318   King  George 

King  and  Queen 

1691 

304 

4,006 

5,259 

9,265 

1,015,575  King  and  Queen  C.  H. 

King  William    . 

1701 

269 

3,266 

5,114 

8,380 

1,524,808   King  William 

Lancaster      .    . 

1651 

126 

4,058 

4,891 

8.949 

1,146,045  Lancaster 

Mathews  .     .     . 

1790 

83 

5,844 

2,395 

8,239 

736,214 

Mathews 

Middlesex     .     . 

1675 

126 

3,684 

4,536 

8,220 

793,408 

Saluda 

Nansemond   .     . 

1639 

408 

10,115 

12,963    23,078      3,868,391   Suffolk 

New  Kent      .     . 

1654 

202 

1,660 

3,205      4,865         549,378 

New  Kent 

Norfolk     .     .     . 

1691 

359 

19,113 

31,667 

50,780    12,373,263 

Portsmouth 

Northampton     . 

1634 

177 

6,141 

7,629 

13,770 

2,081,312 

Eastville 

Northumberland 

1648 

184 

5,680 

4,166 

9,846 

1,557,918 

Heathsville 

Prince  George   . 

1702 

267 

2,886 

4,866      7,752      1,217,842 

Prince  George 

Princess  Anne  . 

1691 

217 

5,505 

5,687    11.192      1,854,235 

Princess  Anne  C.  H. 

Richmond      .     . 

1692 

183 

4,159 

2,929      7,088|        865,876 

Warsaw 

Southampton     . 

1784 

577 

9,165 

13,683!  22,848      3,359.437 

Courtland 

Surry    .... 

1652 

215 

3,286 

5,183      8,469      1,287,458 

Surry 

Sussex  .... 

1754 

466!     4,121 

7,961    12,082      1,511.204 

Sussex  C.  H. 

Warwick  .     .     . 

1634 

66!     1,159 

3,729      4,888      5,767,816 

Newport  News 

Westmoreland  . 

1653 

222      4,381 

4,862      9.243      1,242.945 

Montross 

York     .... 

1634 

111      3,401 

4,081      7,482         664,415 

Yorktown 

Total      .    . 

7,295,190.658  213.478  404,136^77,  781,  385 

51 


52 


VIRGINIA 


MIDDLE   COUNTRY 


CorxTY 

| 

Area  in 
S,,.  Ml. 

Population 

Taxable 
Property, 
Keal  and 
Personal 

County  Seat 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Alexandria    .     . 

1847 

31 

3,962 

2,408 

6,430 

§2,183,216 

Alexandria 

Amelia      .     .     . 

1734 

348 

3,052 

5,985 

9,037 

1,257,948.  Amelia  C.  II. 

Appomattox  .     . 

1845 

318 

5,731 

3,931 

9,602 

1,132,401    Appomattox 

Brunswick     .     . 

1721 

540 

7,375 

10,842 

18,217 

1,951,425  Lawrenceville 

Buckingham 

1701 

548 

7,415 

7,851 

15,266 

1,700,355 

Buckingham 

Campbell  .     .     . 

1781 

500 

13,641 

9,015 

23,256 

4,025,584 

Rustburg 

Charlotte  .     .     . 

1705 

405 

0,798 

8,545 

15,343 

1,992.205 

Smithville 

Chesterfield  .     . 

1748 

458 

11,105 

7,699 

18,804 

4,593,960 

Chesterfield  C.  II. 

Cumberland  .     . 

1748 

290 

2,791 

6,205 

8,996 

999,457 

Cumberland 

Dimviddie     .     . 

1752 

50!  » 

5,874 

9,500 

15,374 

3,068,319 

Dinwiddie 

Fairfax      .     .     . 

1742 

405 

13,576 

5,004 

18,580 

5,404,732 

Fairfax 

Fluvanna  .     .     .    1777 

281 

5,039 

4,011 

9,050 

914,911 

Palmyra 

Goochland     .     .    1727 

27!) 

3,961 

5,558 

9,51!) 

1,437,743 

Goochland 

Greenesville  .     . 

1780 

292 

3,402 

6,357 

9,759 

1,033,351 

Emporia 

Halifax     .    .     . 

1752 

8()7 

17,928 

19,275 

37,197 

4,584,519 

Houston 

Louisa  .... 

1742 

447 

7,896 

8,021 

10.517 

2,209,210 

Louisa  C.  II. 

Lunenburg    .     .    1740 

418 

5,133 

0,572 

11.705 

875,946 

Lunenburg 

Mecklenburg      .    1704 

047 

10,353 

16,198 

20,551 

2,418,015 

Boydton 

Nottoway  .     .     .    1788 

351 

4,966 

7.400 

12,366 

1,393,570 

Nottoway 

Pittsylvania 

1707 

081 

25.605 

21,289 

46,894 

4,180,592 

Chatham 

Powhatan      .     . 

1777 

254 

2.343 

4.481 

6,824 

1,125,312 

Powhatan  C.  II. 

Prince  Edward  .    17").'} 

341 

5,276 

9,70!) 

15,045 

2,447,037 

Farmville 

Prince  William      1730 

345 

8,240 

2.872 

11.112 

2,84:5,695 

Manassas 

Spottsylvania    .    1720 

407 

5,353 

3,886 

9,239 

1.512.252 

Spottsylvania 

Stafford     .     .     .  ;1765 

250 

0,489 

1,608 

8,097 

1,047,312 

Stafford  C.  II. 

Total      .     . 

10.543 

193,298 

195,542  388.840  §56,405.007 

APPENDIX 


53 


PIEDMONT 


COUNTY 

<D 
U 

Area  in 
Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Taxable 
Property, 
Heal  and 
Personal 

County  Seat 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Albemarle     .     . 

1744 

717 

18,135 

10,338 

28,473    35,732.374 

Cliarlottesville 

Amherst   . 

1761 

469 

10,80  1 

7,057 

it,  804      1,993,500 

Amherst 

Bedford    .     .     . 

1753 

773 

20,017 

9,739 

30,350      4,257,521 

Bedford  City 

Culpeper  .     .     . 

1748 

305 

8,009 

0,054    14,123!     3,415,037 

Culpeper 

Fauquier  .     .     . 

1759 

645 

15,074 

8,300 

23,374!     8,411,380 

\Varrenton 

Franklin   .     .     . 

1784       71] 

20,005 

5,948 

25.953 

1,861,214 

Rocky  Mount 

Greene      .     .     . 

1838       107 

4,783 

1.431 

0.214 

605,712 

Standards  ville 

Henry  .... 

1770       570 

10.881 

8,384 

19,205 

1,752,328 

Martinsville 

Loudoun  .     .     . 

17571      504 

10,079 

5,809 

21,948    10,952.820 

Leesburg 

Madison    .     .    . 

1792 

351 

0,095 

3,521 

10,210 

1,821,077 

Madison 

Nelson  .... 

1807 

450 

10,403 

5,072 

10,075 

1.769,931 

Lovingston 

Orange      .     .     . 

1734 

333 

7,050 

5,521 

12,571      2,440,028 

Orange  C.  II. 

Patrick      .     .     . 

1791 

540 

13.779 

1,624 

15,403      1.119,159 

Stuart 

Rappahannock  . 

1831 

274 

0,121 

2,722 

8.8431     1.099.499 

Washington 

Total      .     . 

6,881 

168,498 

82,180  250,078  847.893,392 

BLUE    RIDGE 


•g 

Population 

Taxable 

COUNTY 

jj 

Area  in 
Sq.  Mi. 

Propertv, 
Keal  and 

County 

Seat 

White 

Colored  ] 

Total 

Personal 

Carroll  .     .     .     . 

1842 

547 

18,904 

339 

19,303       8940,934 

Hillsville 

Floyd    .... 

1831 

372 

14,313 

1,075 

15,388:     1,220,019 

Floyd 

Grayson    .     .     . 

1792 

409 

15,894 

959 

16.853         929.179 

Independence 

Total      .     . 

1,328 

49.171 

2,373 

51,  544  ;  83,090,132 

54 


VIKGINJA 
THE    VALLEY 


COUNTY 

X 

| 

Area  in 
Sq.  Ml. 

Population 

Taxable 
Property, 

Keal  and 
Personal 

County  Seat 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Augusta    .     .     . 

1738 

979 

26,670 

5,700 

32,370 

§11,098,990 

Staunton 

Botetourt      .     . 

1770 

615 

13,284 

3,877 

17,161 

3,290,413  Fincastle 

Clarke  .... 

1836 

170 

5,695 

'2  '>:•?•> 

£,^O£ 

7,927 

2,590,161    Berryville 

Frederick  .     .     . 

1738 

434 

12,486 

753 

13,239 

3,872,644    Winchester 

Montgomery 

1776 

373 

12,927 

2,925 

15,852 

2,456,018 

Christiansburg 

Page     .... 

1831 

273 

12,354 

1,440 

13,794 

2,526,722   Luray 

Pulaski      .     .     . 

1830 

306 

11,372 

3,237 

14,609 

3,266,052   Pulaski  City 

Koanoke   .     .     . 

1838 

305 

11,990 

3,847 

15,837 

3,903,993  Salem 

Rockbridge    .     . 

1778 

627 

17,715 

4,084 

21,799 

5,049,651   Lexington 

Hockinghain 

1778 

1,077 

30,893 

2,634 

33,527 

10,155,336   Ilarrisonburg 

Shenandoah  .     . 

1772 

554 

19,604 

649 

20,253 

4.696,441    Woodstock 

Smyth  .... 

1831 

480 

15,950 

1,171 

17,121 

2,388,735  Marion 

Warren     .     .     . 

1837 

202 

7,372 

1,465 

8,837 

1,622,727   Front  Royal 

Washington  .     . 

1776 

575 

26,433 

2,562 

28,995 

3,285.272  Abingdon 

Wythe       .     .     . 

1790 

493 

17.653 

2.7S4 

20.437 

4,394,514   Wytheville 

Total  .     .     . 

7,469 

242,398 

39,360 

281,758 

864,597,669 

APPALACHIAN 


CoUNTT 

Organized 

Area  in 

Sq.    Mi. 

Population 

Taxable 
Property, 
Iteal  and 
Personal 

County  Seat 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Alleghany     .     . 

1822 

674 

12,315 

4,015 

16,330 

§4,587,263 

Covington 

Bath     .... 

1790 

781 

4,589 

1,00(5 

5.595 

1,854,647 

Warm  Springs 

Bland  .... 

1861 

362 

5,285 

212 

5.497 

671,304 

Bland  C.  H. 

Buchanan      .     . 

1858 

999 

9,687 

5 

9,692 

1,842,258 

G  randy 

Craig    .... 

1850 

373 

4,032 

261 

4.293 

911,773 

New  Castle 

Dickenson     . 

1880 

474 

7,747 

7,747 

879.817 

Clintwood 

Giles     .... 

1806 

375 

9,994 

799 

10,793 

1,420.848 

Pearisburg 

Highland  .     .     . 

1847 

414 

5.269 

378 

5.647 

1,189.526;  Monterey 

Lee  

1792 

467 

19,116 

740 

19,856 

1,871,504   Jonesville 

Russell      .     .     . 

1786 

578 

17,267 

764 

18,031 

1,821,764 

Lebanon 

Scott     .... 

1814 

524 

22,067 

627 

22.694 

1,439,852 

Gate  City 

Tazewell  .     .     . 

1799       553    19.802 

3,582 

23,384 

2.760,998 

Tazewell 

Wise     .... 

1855       710    17.688      1,965 

19,653 

2,849,967 

Wise 

Total      .     . 

7,284  154,858    14,354 

169,212^24,101,521 

APPENDIX 


00 


CITIES 


CITY 

Population 

Taxable 

White 

Colored 

Total 

and  Personal 

Alexandria      .     .     . 

Fairfax     .... 

9.986 

4,542 

14,528 

$4.949,240 

Bristol    

Washington 

3,551 

1,028 

4  579 

1.446,934 

Buena  Vista    .     .     . 

Rockbridge  .     .     . 

1,978 

410 

-T,    r  i  •  ' 

2,388 

628,615 

Charlottes  ville 

3,834 

2,615 

6,449 

2,524,520 

Danville 

Pittsylvania 

10,002 

6,518 

16,520 

8,536,778 

Fredericksburg    .     . 

Spottsylvania    .     . 

3,440 

1,022 

5.068 

1.917,115 

Lynchburg  .... 

Campbell       .     .     . 

10,637 

8,254 

18,891 

11.255,088 

Manchester      .     .     . 

Chesterfield  .     .    . 

6,376 

3,339 

9.715 

2.948,057 

Newport  News     .     . 

Warwick  .... 

12,788 

6,847 

19,635 

10.303.537 

Norfolk  

Norfolk     .... 

26,317 

20,307 

46.624 

27,325,155 

Petersburg  .... 

Dinwiddie 

11.0.37 

10,753 

21,810 

9,054,335 

Portsmouth     .     .     . 

Norfolk    .... 

11,782 

5,645 

17,427 

6,237.370 

Radford  

Montgomery 

2,887 

457 

3,344 

1,468,077 

Richmond  .... 

Henrico    .... 

52,804 

32,246 

85,050 

57,926,692 

Roanoke     .... 

Roanoke  .... 

15,654 

5,841 

21,495 

5,796,997 

Staunton     .... 

Augusta   .... 

5,456 

1,833 

7.289 

3.140.622 

Williamsburg  .     .     . 

James  City   .     .     . 

1,366 

678 

2,044 

422.934 

Winchester      .     .     . 

Frederick      .     .     . 

4,056 

1,105 

5,161 

2,435,810 

Total    .... 

193,977 

114,040 

308,017 

6158,318,876 

GENERAL   SUMMARY 


Population 

Taxable 

White 

Colored 

Total 

Property 

Tidewater  

7,295 

190,658 

2  13,478. 

404.136 

S77.781.385 

Middle  Country  .... 
Piedmont  

10,543 

6,881 

193*298 
168.498 

195,542 

82,180 

388,840 
250,678 

56.405,607 
47.893,31)2 

Blue  Ridge  

1.328 

49,171 

2.373 

51.544 

3.090.132 

Valley  
Appalachian  
Cities  

7.469 

7.284 

242.398 
154,858 
193,977 

39.360 
14.354 
114.040 

281.758 
109.212 
308.017 

64.597,669 
24,101,521 

158,318.^76 

Grand  total 


1  40,800      1,192,858      661,326  i   1.854,184      8432.188.642 


1This  is  land  area ;  the  total  area  including  water  is  42,450  square  iniU-s. 


APPENDIX   B 


POPULATION   OF  THE    INCORPORATED   TOWNS   AND  VILLAGES   OF 

VIRGINIA:  1900 


TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES 

Pop,,- 

lation, 
1900 

TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES 

Pap,,- 
lation, 

iyoo 

TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES 

Popu- 
lation, 
1900 

Abingdon  town    .     . 

1,300 

Floyd  town      .     .     . 

402 

Orange  town    .     .     . 

536 

Ashland  town  .     .     . 

1,147 

Franklin  town      .     . 

1,143 

Pearisburg  town  .     . 

464 

Barton  Heights  town 

763 

Front  Royal  town    . 

1,005 

Pennington    Gap 

Basic  City  town  . 

1,270 

Gate  City  town    . 

521 

town    

399 

Bedford  City  town  . 

2,410 

Glade  Spring  town  . 

304 

Phoebus  town  .     .     . 

2,094 

Belle  Haven  town    . 

331 

Gladeville  town    .     . 

511 

Pocahontas  town 

2,789 

Berkley  town  .     .     . 

4,088 

Gordonsville  town    . 

603 

Port  Royal  town  .     . 

193 

Berry  ville  town    .     . 

!>38 

Goshen  town   .     .     . 

253 

Pulaski  town   .     .     . 

2,813 

Big  Stone  Gap  town 

1,017 

Graham  town  .     .     . 

1,554 

Remington  town  .     . 

198 

Blacksburg  town  .     . 

768 

Grundy  town  .     .     . 

200 

Richlands  town   .     . 

475 

Blackstone  town  . 

585 

Hamilton  town     .     . 

364 

Ridge  way  town    .     . 

332 

Bond  town  .... 

295 

Hampton  town     .     . 

3,441 

Rocky  Mount  town  . 

612 

Bowling  Green  town 

458 

Harrison  burg  town  . 

3,521 

Salem  town      .     .     . 

3,412 

Boydton  town 

527 

Herndon  town      .     . 

692 

Saltville  town  .     .     . 

1,051 

Boykins  town  . 

224 

Hillsboro  town     .     . 

131 

Scottsville  town  .     . 

1,248 

Bridgewater  town    . 

384 

Holland  town  .     .     . 

133 

Seddon  town  (Bland 

Broadway  town  .     . 

400 

Honaker  town      .     . 

295 

1'.  <>.)  

249 

Buchanan  town   .     . 

716 

Houston  town      .     . 

687 

Shenandoah  town     . 

1,220 

Burkeville  town  .     . 

510 

Iron  Gate  town    .     . 

392 

Shendun  town      .     . 

381 

Cape  Charles  town  . 

1,040 

Keysville  town     .     . 

82 

Singerglen  town  .     . 

108 

Chase  City  town  .     . 

542 

Lawrenceville  town 

760 

Smithtield  town    .     . 

1,225 

Chatham  town     .     . 

918  | 

Lebanon  town      .     . 

325 

Sinithville  town    .     . 

96 

Christiansburg  town 

659 

Leesburg  town     .     . 

1,513 

South  Boston  town  . 

1,851 

Claremont  village     . 

565  ! 

Lexington  town   .     . 

3,203 

Stevens  City  town    . 

490 

Clarksville  town  .     . 

72:5 

Louisa  town     .     .     . 

261 

Strasburg  town    . 

690 

Clifton  Forge  town  . 

3,212 

Lovettsville  town 

97 

Stuart  town     .     .     . 

371 

Clinchport  town  .     . 

183 

Luray  town      .     .     . 

1,147 

Suffolk  town    .     .     . 

3.827 

Clintwood  town  .     . 

255 

McDowell  town    .     . 

136 

Tacoma  town  .     .     . 

247 

Clover  town     .     . 

400 

Manassas  town     .     . 

817 

Tappahannock  town 

554 

Coeburn  town      .     . 

295 

Marion  town    .     .     . 

2,045 

Tazewell  town      .     . 

1,09(5 

Colonial  Beach  town 

453 

Martinsville  town 

2,384 

Timberville  town 

173 

Columbia  town    .     . 

216 

Mechanicsburg  town 

113 

Uppcrville  town  .     . 

376 

Courtland  town    .     . 

288 

Middleburg  town 

296 

Vienna  town    .     .     . 

317 

Covington  town   .     . 

2,950 

Muldletown  town 

423 

Vinton  town    . 

1,438 

Crewe  town     .     .     . 

1,329 

Monterey  town    .     . 

246 

Virgilina  town 

200 

Culpeper  town     .     . 

1,618 

Mt.  Crawford  town  . 

330 

Warrenton  town  . 

1,627 

Dayton  town   .     .     . 

425  i 

Mt.  Jackson  town     . 

472 

Washington  town 

300 

Dutneld  town  .     .     . 

98 

Mt.  Sidney  town  .     . 

197 

Watert'ord  town  .     . 

383 

Dumfries  town     .     . 

160 

Newbern  town      .     . 

152 

Waverly  town      .     . 

493 

East  Stone  Gap  town 

349 

Newcastle  town   .     . 

299 

Waynesboro  town    . 

856 

Eastville  town      .     . 

313 

New  Hope  town  .     . 

124 

West  Clifton   Forge 

Edinburg  town     .     . 

512 

New  Market  town 

684 

town    

367 

Emporia  town      .     . 

1,027 

Northside  town    .     . 

584 

West  Point  town  . 

1  .307 

Fairfax  town  .     .     . 

373 

North  Tazewell  town 

320 

Wiehle  town    . 

51 

Falls  Church  town  . 

1.007 

Norton  town    .     .     . 

654 

Woodstock  town  .     . 

1  ,069 

Farmville  town    .     . 

2,471 

Occoquan  town    .     . 

297 

Wytheville  town  .     . 

3,003 

Fincastle  town     .     . 

652 

Onancock  town    .     . 

938 

Yorktown  town    .     . 

151 

56 


APPEXDIX  C 


POPULATION   OF   VIRGINIA:    NORFOLK   AND   RICHMOND,    1790-1900 


\ 

irgiuia 

Norfolk 

Richmond 

1900 

1  1,854,184 

46,624 

85.050 

1890 

1,055,980 

34.871 

81,388 

1880 

1,512,565 

21,966 

63,600 

1870 

1,225,163 

19.229 

51,038 

1860 

1,219,630 

2  1.596,318 

14,U20 

37,910 

1850 

1,119,348 

1,421,661 

14,326 

27,570 

1840 

1,015,260 

1,239,797 

10.920 

20,153 

1830 

1,034,481 

1,211.405 

9,814 

16,060 

1820 

928.348 

1,065,116 

8,478 

12.067 

1810 

869,131 

974,600 

3_ 

9,736 

1800 

801,608 

880.200 

6,926 

5.737 

1790 

691,737 

747,610 

3,761 

1  Virginia:  Counties  now  comprising  the  State.      2  Virginia  before  West  Virginia  was  cut  off,  Dec.  31,  l»t>2. 

3  Xot  separately  returned. 


APPEXDIX    D 


1  CROPS   OF   1900 


Acreage 

Production 

Value 

Yield 
per  Acre 

Value 
per  Acre 

Price  per 
Bushel 

Acres 
Corn    1.761,485 

Bushels 
28,183,760 

••S13.810.042 

Bushels 
16 

$7.84 

SO.  49 

Wheat                                  791.759 

9.421,932 

6.783,791 

11.9 

8.57 

0.72 

Oats    349,160 

5.167,568 

1,912,000 

14.8 

5.48 

0.37 

Rye     35,250 

370,125 

214.672 

10.5 

6.09 

0.58 

Buckwheat  ....             4,524 

58,812 

32,347 

13 

7.15 

0.55 

Total  for  Cereals  .      2.942,178 

43.202,197 

22,742,852 

Cotton          ....           35.302 

Bales 
8.007 

8293,669 

Bales 
.23 

8.32 

Pound 
80.092 

1 
Hay     507,873 

Tons 

589.133 

7.835,469 

Tons 
1.16 

15.43 

Ton 

813.30 

Potatoes  .                            38,341 

Bushels 
2,223,778 

1.312.029 

Bushels 
58 

34.22 

Bushel 

80.59 

1  Xo  statistics  could  be  secured  for  the  tobacco  crop. 
57 


APPENDIX   E 

CHANGES   IN   THE   GOVERNMENT   OF  VIRGINIA 


The  Constitutional  Convention  (1901-2)  made  several  changes  in  the 
government  of  the  State.  The  Constitution  was  proclaimed  and  went 
into  effect  July  10,  1902.  The  chief  changes  are  as  follows:  — 

1.  Instead  of  allowing  every  man  over  twenty-one  years  of  age  to 
vote,  it  is  arranged  that,  after  January  1,  1904,  every  one  who  registers 
as  a  voter  shall  write  his  own  application  blank  and  shall  prepare  his  own 
ballot.     He  shall  also  have  paid  his  poll  tax  before  voting.     All  who 
register  before  January  1,  1904,  will  constitute  a  permanent  set  of  voters, 
provided  the  poll  tax  requirements  are  met.     Those  who  are  entitled  to 
register  before  January  1,  1904,  are :  (1)  those  who  have  served  in  time 
of  war;  (2)  the  sons  of  old  soldiers;  (3)  those  who  pay  $1.00  property 
tax ;  (4)  those  who  can  read  and  explain  the  Constitution,  or,  if  they  can- 
not read,  can  explain  a  clause  when  read  to  them.     Of  course  the  person 
must  be  a  male,  twenty-one  years  old,  and  a  resident  for  two  years  in  the 
State. 

2.  All  real  estate  in  Virginia  had  been  assessed  forty  cents  on  the 
hundred  dollars  for  state  taxes.     This  rate  is  reduced  to  thirty  cents. 

3.  The  Board  of  Education  will  be  changed.     It  had  been  composed 
of   the   Governor,  Attorney-General,  and  the   Superintendent  of   Public 
Instruction.     To  these  are  added  three  experienced  educators,  elected  by 
the  Senate  from  a  list  of  eligibles,  one  each  to  be  furnished  by  the  Boards 
of  Visitors  of  the  following  six  institutions :  AVilliam  and  Mary  College, 
State  Female  Normal  School,  the  Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  Virginia 
Military  Institute,  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  Institute,  and  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia.     The  new  Board  adds  to  its  number  two  superintendents 
of  schools,  one  from  a  city  and  one  from  a  county.     The  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction  will  no  longer  be  elected  by  the  Legislature  but  by 
the  people  for  a  period  of  four  years. 

4.  The  county  courts  will  be  abolished.     There  will  be  twenty -four 
circuits  in  the  State,  and  these  will  do  the  work  of  the  county  courts  as 
well  as  the  work  done  by  the  present  circuit  courts.     Court  will  be  held 
in  each  county  at  least  once  in  two  months. 

5.  The  members  of  the  Senate,  while  they  will  be  still  elected  for  a 

58 


APPENDIX  59 

term  of  four  years,  will  be  elected  all  at  one  time,  and  thus  the  plan  of 
electing  one-half  every  two  years  is  abolished. 

6.  The  method  of  electing  several  of  the  officials  of  the  executive 
department  is  changed.     The  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  and  the  State 
Treasurer,  instead  of  being  elected  by  the  Legislature,  will  be  elected  by 
the  people.     The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  who  is  now  appointed  by 
the  Governor,  will  also  be  elected  by  the  people.     The  office*  of  Railroad 
Commissioner  is  abolished  and  a  board  of  three,  called  the  "State  Corpo- 
ration Commission,"  will  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  decide  differ- 
ences between  individuals  and  corporations,  to  regulate  the  corporations, 
and  to  look  into  their  business  methods. 

7.  The  Constitution   prevents  the   State  appropriation  of   money  to 
sectarian  institutions. 

8.  Provision  is  made  whereby  the  Legislature  may  provide  for  trial  of 
certain  cases  by  juries  of  less  than  twelve  men. 

9.  In  county  government  there  are  several  changes.     Instead  of  two 
clerks  of  the  court,  as  there  have  been  in  many  counties,  there  is  to  be  only 
one  in  each  county,  elected  for  eight  instead  of  six  years.     The  County 
Treasurer  will  be  allowed  to  hold  office  for  only  two  consecutive  terms. 
Commissioners  of  revenue  are  to  be  elected  or  appointed,  as  the  Legisla- 
ture may  provide;  but  if  elected,  they  can  serve  only  one  term.     The  May 
elections  for  county  officers  are  abolished,  and  all  county  officers  will  be 
elected  in  November  for  four  instead  of  two  years. 

Other  changes  are  made,  but  these  are  the  chief  ones.  Of  course  the 
three  divisions  of  the  Executive,  Legislative,  and  Judicial  are  kept  quite 
distinct.  The  decidedly  new  features  are  those  with  reference  to  corpora- 
tions, and  from,  these  the  State  expects  to  derive  a  good  revenue. 


Tarr   and   McMunys   Geographies 

A  NEW  SERIES  OF  GEOGRAPHIES  IN  TWO,    THREE.  OR  FIVE 
VOLUMES 

By  RALPH   S.   TARR,    B.S.,   F.Q.S.A. 

CORNELL  UNIVERSITY 


FRANK   M.  McMURRY,   Ph.D. 

TEACHERS  COLLEGE,  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 


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Tarr  and  McMurry's  Geographies 


COMMENTS 

North  Plainfield,  N.J. 

"  I  think  it  the  best  Geography  that  I  have  seen." 

—  H.  J.  WIGHTMAN,  Superintendent. 
Boston,  Mass. 

"  I  have  been  teaching  the  subject  in  the  Boston  Normal  School 
for  over  twenty  years,  and  Book  I  is  the  book  I  have  been  looking 
for  for  the  last  ten  years.  It  comes  nearer  to  what  I  have  been 
working  for  than  anything  in  the  geography  line  that  I  have  yet 
seen.  I  congratulate  you  on  the  good  work." 

—  Miss  L.  T.  MOSES,  Normal  School. 
Detroit,  Mich. 

"  I  am  much  pleased  with  it  and  have  had  enthusiastic  praise 
for  it  from  all  the  teachers  to  whom  I  have  shown  it.  It  seems  to 
me  to  be  scientific,  artistic,  and  convenient  to  a  marked  degree. 
The  maps  are  a  perfect  joy  to  any  teacher  who  has  been  using 
the  complicated  affairs  given  in  most  books  of  the  kind." 

—  AGNES  McRAE. 
De  Kalb,  111. 

"I  have  just  finished  examining  the  first  book  of  Tarr  and 
McMurry's  Geographies.  I  have  read  the  book  with  care  from 
cover  to  cover.  To  say  that  I  am  pleased  with  it  is  expressing 
it  mildly.  It  seems  to  me  just  what  a  geography  should  be.  It  is 
correctly  conceived  and  admirably  executed.  The  subject  is  ap- 
proached from  the  right  direction  and  is  developed  in  the  right 
proportions.  And  those  maps  —  how  could  they  be  any  better"? 
Surely  authors  and  publishers  have  achieved  a  triumph  in  text- 
book making.  I  shall  watch  with  interest  for  the  appearance  of 
the  other  two  volumes." — Professor  EDWARD  C.  PAGE,  Northern 
Illinois  State  Normal  School. 

Asbury  Park,  N.J. 

"I  do  not  hesitate  at  all  to  say  that  I  think  the  Tarr  and 
McMurry's  Geography  the  best  in  the  market." 

—  F.  S.  SHEPARD,  Superintendent  of  Schools. 
Ithaca,  N.Y. 

"I  am  immensely  pleased  with  Tarr  and  McMurry's  Geography." 
— CHARLES  DE  GARMO,  Professor  of  Pedagogy,  Cornell  University. 


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